Rushing The Court n SEC Policy: Financial penalties if fans rush the floor after a game. n SEC fined Vanderbilt the max. off $25,000 after the second offense.

Aggression & Violence in Sports “A Sequence of behavior in which the goal is to injure another person” (Miller et al., 1939). “Any Form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another being…” (Baron, 1977) “ any form of behavior that is intended to injure someone physically or psychologically” (Berkowitz,1993)

Types of Aggression A. Hostile: Goal is injury of another person (anger)( Bredemeier,1980). B. Instrumental: Occurs in the pursuit of some non-aggressive goal, and is not intended to be rule-violating but may cause injury.

THEORIES OF HUMAN AGRESSION Instinct Theory 1. Aggression is an innate biological drive. 2. Aggression results in a purging or venting of pent-up emotions.( Cathartic theory) 3. Sport provides a safe and socially acceptable outlet for aggression. (Circular theory)

Frustration - Aggression Hypothesis (Sargent’s Model) 1. Aggression is a natural consequence of frustration. 2. The strength of the tendency to be aggressive is related to the strength, degree and number of frustrations. 3. Most Aggression in sport results from frustration. 4. Motives are blocked 5. Emotional reactions:hostility, shame, displacement, regression,repression

Social Learning Theory 1.The need for aggression is a learned response. 2. Aggression begets further aggression.(Circular Theory) 3. Aggression does not serve as a vent or Catharsis against further aggression.

Smelser’s (1962) Valued Added Theory n Structural conduciveness-social circumstances where collective behavior could result. n Structural strain- a social situation in which people feel dissatisfied with their social environment n Growth and spread of a generalized belief that someone or something is responsible for the strain and the view that a quick remedy is possible

Smelser(Cont.) n Precipitating factors- one or more dramatic, public actions or events which confirm the generalized belief. n Mobilization of participants for action- a gathering of those individuals who share the generalized belief. n Breakdown of social control mechanism-deterioration in the integrity of social control agents

Sport Related Aggression Research A. Point Differential - More aggression penalties occur as the game score differential increases. B. Plays at Home or Away (Varies by teams and situations) C. Outcome of Participation - Losing team observed to be more aggressive. D. League Standings - Lower teams commit more aggressive acts. E. Period of Play - Acts of aggression increase as game proceeds.

Violent Behavior 1. Crowd Density 2. Seating or Standing Patterns 3. Racial Composition of Spectators 4. Levels of Alcohol or Drug Consumption 5. The Importance of t he Game 6. Role Models 7. Heat

Violent Behavior Continued 7. Rivalry Associated with the Game 8. Game Score 9. Age and Gender of the Spectator 10. Social Class of the Spectators 11. Presence of Law Enforcement Agents

Aggression Research n Aggression- Management Training(soccer), Intervention Program n Positive self-talk (ABC Cognitive theory) n Relaxation training n Imagery n Deep Breathing

Sports and Violence n Professional n College n International

1979

(1981)

(Hanson-Harding,1998) Sprewell: PJ Carlesimo

USA Today, March 29,2000

Nov.,2004

Dominion Post March 30,2005

ULBRA University

Brasil

Soccer Forty killed in S. African soccer melee (Jan.14,1991) Ten die in melee after soccer game in Santiago, Chili (June 7,1991) Soccer violence leaves two dead, 40 injured at soccer in Bangladesh (Sept. 28, 1998)

Soccer

British Soccer Hooligans: Emergence and Establishment: n Superhooligans- created by the media in the 1980’s ( gangs: Inter City Firm, Service Crew, Bushwhackers) n Superhooligan (Keating,1985): mid to late 20s, involved in soccer- teen years, professional jobs or college students, often previously convictions for violence, seldom drink alcohol before the game- need to be alert for fighting. n Contradicts “old image” of soccer hooligans: teenagers, unemployed, working class (Haley, 2001)