CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge 23 Broad Patterns of Evolution

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.UN01 Cryolophosaurus skull

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2 Dimetrodon Coccosteus cuspidatus Stromatolites Tappania Tiktaalik Hallucigenia Dickinsonia costata 3,500 1, mya 0.5 m 4.5 cm 1 cm 1 m 2.5 cm Rhomaleosaurus victor

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2a Stromatolite cross section

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2b Stromatolites

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2e Hallucigenia 1 cm

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2f Coccosteus cuspidatus 4.5 cm

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2g Tiktaalik

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2h Dimetrodon 0.5 m

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.2i Rhomaleosaurus victor 1 m

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated  absolute ages of fossils can be determined by radiometric dating, using radioisotopes with known half-lives,

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.3 ½ ¼ ⅛ Time (half-lives) Fraction of parent isotope remaining Remaining “parent” isotope Accumulating “daughter” isotope

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  The geologic record is a standard time scale dividing Earth’s history into geological divisions correspond to extinction events The Geologic Record Animation: The Geologic Record

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 23.1

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 23.1a

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 23.1b

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.4 OTHER TETRA- PODS Synapsid (300 mya) Reptiles (including dinosaurs and birds) † Very late (non- mammalian) cynodonts † Dimetrodon Mammals Synapsids Therapsids Cynodonts Key to skull bones ArticularDentary QuadrateSquamosal Early cynodont (260 mya) Temporal fenestra (partial view) Hinge Temporal fenestra Hinge Temporal fenestra Hinge Therapsid (280 mya) New hinge Very late cynodont (195 mya) Original hinge Later cynodont (220 mya)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  The distribution of fossils and living groups reflects the historic movement of continents  example, the similarity of fossils in parts of South America and Africa is consistent with the idea that these continents were formerly attached

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.7 Eurasian Plate Philippine Plate Australian Plate Indian Plate Arabian Plate African Plate Antarctic Plate Scotia Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate Pacific Plate Caribbean Plate North American Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Cocos Plate

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.8 Collision of India with Eurasia Present-day continents Laurasia and Gondwana landmasses The supercontinent Pangaea Gondwana Laurasia Antarctica Eurasia Africa India Australia North America South America Madagascar Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic 251 mya 135 mya 65.5 mya 45 mya Present

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.8a Laurasia and Gondwana landmasses The supercontinent Pangaea Gondwana Laurasia Mesozoic Paleozoic 251 mya 135 mya

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.8b Collision of India with Eurasia Present-day continents Antarctica Eurasia Africa India Australia North America South America Madagascar Cenozoic 65.5 mya 45 mya Present

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23.9 Millions of years ago (mya) Mantellinae (Madagascar only): 100 species Rhacophorinae (India/southeast Asia): 310 species India Madagascar 56 mya88 mya

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The “Big Five” Mass Extinction Events  In each of the five mass extinction events, more than 50% of Earth’s species became extinct

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Time (mya) Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic EOSDCPTrJPCN Q ,000 1,100 Era Period Total extinction rate (families per million years): Number of families:

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure NORTH AMERICA Yucatán Peninsula Chicxulub crater

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Time (mya) Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic EOSDCPTrJPCN Q Era Period Predator genera (%) Permian mass extinction Cretaceous mass extinction

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Adaptive Radiations  Adaptive radiation is the evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Ancestral mammal ANCESTRAL CYNODONT Time (millions of years ago) Eutherians (5,010 species) Marsupials (324 species) Monotremes (5 species)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Close North American relative, the tarweed Carlquistia muirii Argyroxiphium sandwicense Dubautia linearis Dubautia scabra Dubautia waialealae Dubautia laxa KAUAI 5.1 million years OAHU 3.7 million years HAWAII 0.4 million years 1.3 million years MAUI MOLOKAI LANAI N

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Chimpanzee infantChimpanzee adult Chimpanzee fetus Human adultHuman fetus

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Hand and finger bones

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure (a) Patch of pigmented cells Pigmented cells (photoreceptors) Nerve fibers Epithelium Example: Patella, a limpet (b) Eyecup Nerve fibers Pigmented cells Example: Pleurotomaria, a slit shell mollusc (c) Pinhole camera-type eye Epithelium Fluid-filled cavity Optic nerve Pigmented layer (retina) Example: Nautilus (d) Eye with primitive lens Cellular mass (lens) Cornea Optic nerve Example: Murex, a marine snail Cornea Lens Retina Optic nerve (e) Complex camera lens- type eye Example: Loligo, a squid