Safe disposal of Electronic Waste Pr.Dr. Nefisa S. M. Abou-El Soud Director of the Center of Environmental studies and management of Natural Resources Environmental studies and management of Natural Resources Institute of National planning Institute of National planning

T.V. T.V. /1000 person Mobile Mobile /1000 person Computers PC /1000 person Morocco Iraq XXxSudan Tunisia Syria Oman Lebanon Libya Egypt USA Germany Japan Canada Nigeria

Electronic Products in IT field includes mainly ComputersMonitors TV's, Radios, Videos,Recorders Copiers Fax Machines Telephones, Wireless phones All these products will eventually become E- waste

E-Waste refers to 1- Waste from production of EE equipment : many materials are used in production of EEE containing H.M. such as Pb,Cd,N, Cr,Zn, IN addition to Waste Oils containing PCBs 2- Waste after use including : * Broken /damaged equipment / accessories * Broken /damaged equipment / accessories * Equipment reached end of useful life * Equipment reached end of useful life *End of life accessories such as Batteries, CD & diskettes, Used Oils, Printing ink (all contains Hazardous materials) *End of life accessories such as Batteries, CD & diskettes, Used Oils, Printing ink (all contains Hazardous materials) 3- Obsolete equipment : When newer, quicker or better equipment and soft ware are produced The ratio of obsolete computers to purchased in USA is expected to be 1:1 in 2005 which means that recycling of computer must go as fast as making it

The quantity of E-waste The quantity of E-waste grows continuously with the increasing demand of E. equipment, soft ware and its accessories E-waste is the faster growing waste stream in the industrialization world, produced by the world's largest growing manufacturing industry Experts believe that, in the year 2004 : Over 315 million computers are obsolete, leaving Over 315 million computers are obsolete, leaving 1.2 billion pounds of lead 2.0 million pounds of cadmium 4.0 billion pounds of plastics in the waste in the waste

Quantity of E.W. is relatively small w.r.t. total waste generated however, it contains Haz. Sub. In EU countries : - E.W. is less than 1 % of the total waste - E.W. is less than 1 % of the total waste generated. generated. - The commission assumes 3-5% growth - The commission assumes 3-5% growth annually annually 2- IN USA : - E.W. represent 2-5% of total Municipal - E.W. represent 2-5% of total Municipal soild waste ( MSW ) obsolete E.W. soild waste ( MSW ) obsolete E.W. represent 1-2 % of MSW represent 1-2 % of MSW

E.W. Main Components 1-Germany 1998 : Metals 49.0% Metals 49.0% Plastic 20.7% Plastic 20.7% Glass /ceramic 18.1% Glass /ceramic 18.1% Others ( wires, wood, rubber, ……) 12.2 % Others ( wires, wood, rubber, ……) 12.2 % Other recent studies indicated that each computer contains 3.7 pound lead 3.7 pound lead 11.4 pound plastic 11.4 pound plastic pound cad pound cad pound Mercury pound Mercury

Is E.W. Hazardous Many electronic devices have potentially Hazardous components or contain significant quantities of Hazardous materials Therefore, if disposed in solid waste landfill or incinerated would create problems

Mercury It is estimated that 22 % of the yearly world consumption of mercury is used in EEE. It is estimated that 22 % of the yearly world consumption of mercury is used in EEE. It is basically used in thermostats, sensors,relays,switches ( e.g. on printed circuit board ) It is basically used in thermostats, sensors,relays,switches ( e.g. on printed circuit board ) Mobil phones, batteries and ….,other. Mobil phones, batteries and ….,other. Brominated flame retardants BFR are widely used in electrical appliances, cables, T.V. sets, computer circuit boards and casings …… Printed circuit boards contain also, Cupper and most have small amount of Cr,Ni,Zi and lead Capacitors ( in old equipment ) may conation PCBs

The CRT's( Cathode Ray Tube) founds in most T.V. & computer monitors require special handling because they contain lead. The monochrome monitors are made of one piece of glass which contains 2.3 % lead The monochrome monitors are made of one piece of glass which contains 2.3 % lead The Color monitors are made of 3 pieces of glass: The Color monitors are made of 3 pieces of glass: 1-the face plate with little lead 2-The funnel tube contains about 28% lead 3-The part that bonds the 2 pieces together called the ceramic frit solder, contains up to 85 % lead the ceramic frit solder, contains up to 85 % lead

These components if placed in a landfill,the metal may leach out and pollute the ground water Each CRT contains 4-6 pounds of lead (network times, 23/11/2000) Color monitors contain enough lead to contaminate ground water if deposited in landfills.( University of Florida )

In Egypt *No of Pc /100 person : 2.3 *No of Mobile users : million which means:- In 2002, there is at least :- In 2002, there is at least :- *5.2 million mobiles *5.2 million mobiles *1.5 million PC *1.5 million PC It is expected to have about 3.0 million P.C. in 2007

Exporting waste for recycling from Developed to Developing countries where Labors are cheaper and regulations are more flexible.

An Integrated Management system that considers -policies -Legislative framework -Appropriate Infrastructure -Institutional setting -high level of awareness -Economic setting

Policies Product stewardship: means that all parties involved in producing, selling or using a product take responsibility for the env. And ec. Impact of that product Extended product responsibility EPR Extended product responsibility EPR Extended producer responsibility EPR Extended producer responsibility EPR Manufacturer responsibility Manufacturer responsibility

Tools for product stewardship : 1-Take –back program 1-Take –back program 2-Leasing, selling a service rather than 2-Leasing, selling a service rather than a product a product 3-Life-cycle management is a tool in 3-Life-cycle management is a tool in which the entire life of products is which the entire life of products is considered, including inputs, products considered, including inputs, products its use by consumers, transportation, its use by consumers, transportation, its disposal or reusing ( from cradle its disposal or reusing ( from cradle to grave ) to grave )

Legislations to support policies Example USA electronic-waste legislations 2003/ /2004 EU : Directives : /96 EC amended by 2003/108 EC for waste electrical /96 EC amended by 2003/108 EC for waste electrical and electronic equipment and electronic equipment /95 restriction of the use of /95 restriction of the use of certain H. substance in EEE certain H. substance in EEE

مراحل دورة الحياة ومشتملاتها

الترتيب الهرمي لمعالجة والتخلص من مخلفات الأجهزة الكهربائية والاكترونية

Future 1-E-waste is with us, and is likely to continue increasing Appropriate data are not available Appropriate data are not available 2-It will be a serious challenge in the coming years for solid waste management. level of awareness is low level of awareness is low 3- In Egypt,the number of computers and other E-equipment is expected to increase rapidly

4-Work must be directed towards bringing the E.W. to the forefront of environmental issues 5-Other options for disposal has to be encouraged 6-reycling activities need to be developed, with development of viable markets for recycling products

Proposed programs and activities for IM of EEW: Development of an updated data base and information system Awareness program Development of the appropriate Policies reviewing the existing legal structure. Establishing centers for collection, temporary storage, dismantling and refurbishing

Reconditioning / Refurbishing program for equipment or parts that have a resale value Take –back program by the Dealer or Manufacturer Recycling and Recovery program Waste reduction program, including R&D activities Each of the aforementioned programs should include the Technical, Institutional, Economic and financial issues