Coordination and the The Declaration of Independence The Articles of Confederation The Constitution

Information 1: Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning #1 Critical Analysis Questions 1: Information 2: After 1756 the British became increasingly abusive of their power. Critical Analysis Questions 2 1.Looking at the complaint section of the Declaration of Independence. Circle any action that would have resulted in a concentration of power. 2.Why would the king attempt to limit American’s Representation? Information 3: Recall that Stag Hunt, relies on trusting that parties will cooperate. Critical Analysis Questions 3: 1.Why didn’t the American Colonies have problems coordinating their efforts during the revolution? 2.Why did the signatures better ensure that all parties would cooperate? 1.Rank potentially most abusive to least abusive. Explain 2.Between Presidential and Parliamentary Rank potentially most abusive to least abusive. Explain 3.Between Dictatorship, Direct Democracy, and Republic Rank potentially most abusive to least abusive Explain

Information 4: Critical Analysis Questions 4: 1. What is the trade-off of needing an unanimous (13/13) vote to make changes? Benefits?Costs? 2. Why would the did the founders create a government with such little power? Information 5: The Articles of Confederation led to a free riding problem. States realized that they could still get the benefits of protection without having to pay taxes. Critical Analysis Questions 5: 1. Predict how other states would respond when they realized that some states were not contributing to the government.

2. Complete chart and summarize columns

The American Colonies under English Rule. Using the Declaration of Independence, create a list of evidence that suggest that the colonist who signed the Declaration of Independence believed that the English-American relationship resulted in: ProblemEvidence Abuses of Power by government A lack of mutual benefits (a breaking of a contract) Inefficiency in government.

In the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson writes about Equality under the law. That no person is on Earth to serve another person. Natural Rights And Justified Revolution But there was another purpose behind the document.

We must, indeed, all hang together or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately. Benjamin Franklin

State 2 State 1 Stay Loyal to the BritishFight the British Fight British Stay loyal to the British What is this game? Determine the payoffs for each strategy.

Stag Hunt!!!!!!

State 2 State 1 Stay Loyal to the BritishFight the British Fight British Stay loyal to the British What is this game? Determine the payoffs for each strategy. Win!!!!!! Why was it important that representatives signed their names to the Declaration of Independence?

State 2 Loyal to British Fight British Loyal to British Fight British State 1 The Declaration of Independence and The Articles of Confederation

What was the Coordination Mechanism? Self- Interest A Contract?

Most history classes look at the Declaration of Independence as a document that points out a breaking of a contract. But how can the Declaration of Independence also be considered a contract between the different colonies?

Why was it important that representatives signed their names to the Declaration of Independence?

They were showing each other that they were “burning their boats”.

Explain how self-interest coordinated each state during the Revolution.

Articles of Confederation ( ) League of Friendship between states Reaction to British Rule. States had sovereignty and could establish own laws, currency, and tariffs States had all domestic power, central government had little or no power. Congress dealt with foreign issues and debt. Congress had no power to tax and could only ask for donations. 1 state = 1 vote regardless of size or population 13 out of 13 states had to approve changes No judicial branch to judge and no executive branch to enforce congressional laws There was no central power.

Spending money but government too poor to operate

Articles of Confederation ( ) States voluntarily donated money but still enjoyed the protections of the central government regardless if they donated. Rhode Island donated a grand total of $0.00 States did not have to contribute but still enjoyed the external benefits- classic “free rider” problem In terms of a repeating prisoner’s dilemma the states that did donate realized that it wasn’t worth supporting all of the states and of course would seek their self interest. states not donatedonate not1, 15,0 states donate0, 53, 3

Tariffs Tariff is a tax on a good or service that crosses a border. There can be tariffs on imports and exports. During the Articles of Confederation states often imposed inter-state tariffs Brainstorm a list of outcomes both intended and unintended. Consider the following: Impacts on suppliers in the state issuing the tariff Impacts on the consumers in those states Impact on choice and competition Impact on Price Free Trade Unity and interdependence.

Articles of Confederation ( ) Complete the matrix Interstate Trade State 2 Interstate tariffsno interstate tariffs Interstate tariffs State 1 No interstate tariffs Outcomes?

Cooperation between states Increase choice and competition Lower prices, higher quality, and less waste Revenue from tariffs Domestic businesses helped Citizens have to pay to buy products from other states Tit for Tat Citizens have to pay to buy products from other states Revenue from tariffs Domestic businesses helped Tit for Tat Cooperation between states Increase choice and competition Lower prices, higher quality, and less waste

Articles of Confederation ProblemsCausesSolution States did not follow Central Government’s laws That Central Government had no enforcement power Increase Central Power The Central Government had no money. It couldn’t pay debts. The Central Government had no power to tax Give the Central Government power to tax Inflation Over printing by both the Central Government and state governments National Currency Disputes and division among states States created inter-state tariffs, taxes and navigational rights disputes National court system, central control of inter-state trade No trade or treaties with foreign nations and no reprisals against nations that hurt trade The Central Government had no power to enforce Make it easier for the Central Government to act Instability both economically and politically No Central PowerIncrease Central Power Resources were not allocated to their most useful purpose. The number one dagger in the heart of a free market society is instability.

What is the overall solution to these issue? Make a list of cost and benefits with regards to the decision to increase the power of the central government. What are some methods to prevent the central government from abusing its power?

Why were the founding fathers unsuccessful at coordination?

Preventing Concentrated Power

E.U The Concentration of power is the biggest threat to liberty and free choice. E.Q How do the principles of the Constitution prevent abuses of government power?

1.Recognize the principles of the Constitution. 2.Create a model of the Constitution 3.Find economic connections.

“The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self- appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny”- James Madison The principle enemy of both political and economic freedom is concentrated power.”- Milton Friedman

Concentrated power has always been the enemy of liberty.- Ronald Reagan “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” – Lord Acton Concentrated power is not rendered harmless by the good intentions of those who create it. - Milton Friedman

If there is only one government or only one specific branch how could it lead to an abusive situation? If there is only one firm in an industry what can they do to price, if the demand is inelastic? If there was only one political party how would they shape government? If there was only one news source how might they shape the news?

How can these and other situations be avoided?

System Controllers and Feedback loops

General Goal of System is Balance. Give Power Limit Power Divide Power Check Power Compete for Power

Human nature appears to be simultaneously self regarding and other regarding.

The great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. -James Madison Federalist #51 1. Write a one paragraph summary of the highlighted sentences. 2. Cut your paragraph down to 1 sentence. While still maintaining the key ideas.

The great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Ambition must be made to counteract ambition. The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself, but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. -James Madison Federalist #51 1. Write a one paragraph summary of the highlighted sentences. 2. Cut your paragraph down to 1 sentence. While still maintaining the key ideas. 3. Cut down to three words. Controlled self-interest or Ambition counteracts Ambition

The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place. It may be a reflection on human nature, that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. What are the devices that are used to control the abuses of government?

Control Mechanisms The Principles of the Constitution

Popular Sovereignty People self rule and give the power to the government. Examples:

Limited Government Government is limited by a Constitution and a Bill of Rights. Examples:

Republic People elect reps. And always maintain individual liberties Examples:

Federalism Government power is divided between central and local governments Examples:

Separation of Powers with Checks and Balances Government power is separated between branches. Examples:

Basic Model General Goal of Founding Fathers: To produce a balanced state (equilibrium) between Authority and Liberty Balance Self Regarding Others Regarding Improper or not prudent Resentment- demerit Proper and Prudent - Gratitude and merit Voting and elections Courts Checks and Balances Power of Purse

“Ambition will combat Ambition.” James Madison Federalist 51

In your notebooks, create your own model of how the Constitutional Principles work.

Examples Solar System Atoms School System Tree Game of chess Clock Food Cell phone Place in like groups

If you are willing to give you friend “Nat” the entire “Power Pizza” pie. What will happen? Freedom Fried Liberty Cola Big, Slow, Ineffective, powerful. Will expand so much he won’t be satisfied with only pizza. What is next? Power Pizza

Popular Sovereignty People self rule and give the power to the government. Examples: Relate to voluntary exchange and mutual benefits.

Limited Government Government is limited by a Constitution and a Bill of Rights. Examples: Relate to voluntary exchange and mutual benefits.

Republic People elect reps. And always maintain individual liberties Examples: Relate to voluntary exchange and mutual benefits.

What can be done to give him enough power but not too much? Invite his friends State and local and divide the pizza. (Federalism) National State Local

Federalism Government power is divided between central and local governments Examples: Relate to Division of Labor and Specialization and Monopolies

What can be done to give him enough power but not too much? National State Local National still receives a big slice- maybe too big. What can we do next? Invite more friends and separate each section. (separation of power) Legislative ExecutiveJudicial

What happens if each group wants more pizza? National State Local Legislative ExecutiveJudicial With only one slice each level and each branch is going to want more power but they will be checked by the other branches and levels. (checks and balances)

Separation of Powers with Checks and Balances Government power is separated between branches. Examples: Relate to Division of Labor and Specialization and Monopolies

What about those pieces of pepperoni that are in between the different slices? National State Local Legislative ExecutiveJudicial Why would our founding fathers intentionally create a system that may lead to disputes and power struggles between states and the national government and also the different branches?

By each group pursuing their self interest they offset each other especially when it comes to unwritten powers. This in theory will slow the growth of government. Examples: “Ambition will combat Ambition.” James Madison Federalist 51

What about those items that we are unwilling to give up? National State Local Legislative ExecutiveJudicial We have a Bill of Rights and super majorities to protect our liberties and freedoms from too much government intrusion. Freedom Fries Liberty Cola

Republicanism The People hold sovereignty and have natural rights that are protected against government and the majority. Additionally, people vote for their reps.

Popular Sovereignty Limited Government and the Rule of Law Republicanism Federalism Separation of Powers with Checks and Balance The Impartial Spectator Own Interest (self regarding) Empathy (others regarding) Voluntary exchanges with mutual benefits (gains through trade) Division of labor and specialization Choice and competition Feedback loops and repeating games Connect the Principles of the Constitution with the ideas of Adam Smith.

What Principle? 1.The Senate must confirm the President’s nomination to the Supreme Court. 2.Americans will be voting for the President in November. 3.In April we will be paying local, state, and national income tax. 4.The debate over whether the government should have access to your phone records.

Do the control mechanisms work? Is power too concentrated?

1776 Dec. of Independence Thomas JeffersonDivision of Power Inspired by Locke Constitution Wealth of NationsDivision of Labor Adam Smithand Specialization economies of scale