The Founding of China’s Republic HI 168: Lecture 5 Dr. Howard Chiang

Kang Youwei

Liang Qichao

Social & Political Reform: Education: -Hanlin academicians studied Western learning national school system -October 1901 – national school system at each territorial level of government administration: county, prefecture, province, and capital -Run alongside traditional examinations eight-legged essay -Abandoned eight-legged essay Revolutionary Alliance Ministry of Education -1905: - end of civil service exam system (August 1905) - Russo-Japanese War – Russia defeat - Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) - December: Ministry of Education – revolutionized the education system – curriculum and social impact

Yuan Shikai

Social & Political Reform: Military: -Army of the Green Standard was disbanded traditional military exam system abolished Northern (Beiyang) Army -Baoding Military Academy founded by Yuan Shikai after the Boxer uprising -> Northern (Beiyang) Army Government: -abolished Yunnan, Hupei, and Guangdong governors -Foreign Ministry (1901); Ministry of Trade (1903), and Ministries of Police and Education (1905) -Constitutionalism based on Japanese model - mission to England, France, Germany, US, & Japan

Beiyang Army

Social & Political Reform: Government: -Constitutionalism - critics demanded that the government move faster - August 1908: government announced 1916 for the promulgation of the constitution & 1917 parliament -‘Principles of Constitutionalism’: - ‘(1) The emperor of the Great Qing dynasty shall reign over and govern the great Qing empire with his majesty’s unbroken line of succession for ages eternal. (2) The emperor shall be sacred and involable’ - Qing emperor more powerful than Jap emperor -1910: constitution in 1912 and parliament in 1913

Empress Dowager Cixi - died Nov

Prince Chun, Puyi (R), & Pujie (L)

Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Movement -Nationalism - boycott of American goods in May Tatsu maru incident of Reformists (Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, etc.) vs. Revolutionaries (Sun Yat-sen) – radical action Revive China Society Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance) : 11 revolts total (final one in 1911) Three Principles of the People -Sun: 1. raising money in overseas Chinese communities 2. Three Principles of the People (sanming zhuyi): nationalism, democracy, and socialism

Sun Yat-sen - Sanming zhuyi

Sun Yat-sen and Tongmenghui Singapore Chapter, April 1906

Modern (since 1928) 5 Color ( )

1911 Revolution (Wuchang Mutiny) -Wuchang on Yangzi River - 1 of the 3 cities (Hankou & Hanyang) making up modern Wuhan city in Hubei -Literary Association (Wenxueshe, 文學社 ) - Great River News newspaper -Society for Mutual Progress (Gongjinhui, 共進會 ) -Sep 1911: New Army at Wuchang -Oct 9 bombing in Russian concessions of Hankou -Oct 10: revolutionaries of 8 th Division attacked their officers -Yuan Shikai turned down Qing until Nov. 1 -Dec: revolutionaries offered Yuan presidency if he could bring about abdication of the Qing emperor

Pu Yi

Sun Yat-sen, February 25, 1912

Yuan Shikai, March 10, 1912 Second Provisional President of ROC

Song Jiaoren

Second Revolution -Yuan Shikai’s Dictatorship - ‘Great Loan’ - June 1913 – dismissed provincial governors who had supported GMD -‘Second Revolution’ - Anhu, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Hunan immediately declared war on Yuan - ended by September 1 -> Sun fled to Japan and adopted the modern flag (official national flag 1928) -August 1915: Yuan declared himself as emperor - National Protection Army -June : Yuan died

Yuan Shikai as Hongxian ( 洪憲 ) Emperor