1 KULIAH 2B Survey Design PM Abdul Majid Ismail Ir.M Nawawiy Ir.Dwira

2 Survey Design  Most widely used technique in the behavorial Sciences for the collection of data  Means of gathering information that describes the nature & extent of a specific set of data (e.g. opinions, attitudes)  An attempt to collect data from members of a population with respect to one or more variables

3 Sample survey vs Cencus survey  Census survey – usually conducted when population is relatively small and readily accessible  Sample survey – conducted when population is large and not readily accessible

4  Involves more than asking questions and reporting answers –  I.e. Involves careful design and execution of each of the components of the research questions / hypothesis, and may describe variables and relationships between variables

5 Research using survey design  Public opinion survey on a statesman’s popularity  Community survey on post-natal practices  A survey of personnel positions in the university  Individual and family factors affecting self- concepts of adolescents

6 Purpose of survey studies  To collect detailed factual informationthat describes existing phenomena.  To identify problems or justify current conditions and practices.  To make comparisons and evaluations

7  To determine what others are doing with similar problems or situations and benefit from the experiences in making future plans and decisions.  To gether information in order:  To answer questions raised;  To solve problems that have been posed or observed;  To assess needs and set goals;

8  To determine whether or not specific objectives have been met;  To establish baselines against which future comparisons can be made’  To analyse trends across time.

9 Characteristics of Surveys  Systematic – carefully planned and executed to insure appropriate content coverage and sound, efficient data collection.  Representative – closely reflecting the population.  Objective – insuring that the data are as observable and explicit as possible.  Quantifiable – yielding data that can be expressed in numerical terms.

10 Limitations of surveys  Surveys only tap respondents who are accessible and cooperative.  Surveys often make them feel special or unnatural and may produce respondents that are artificial or slanted.  Surveys arouse “response sets” such as aquiescence or a proneness to agree with positive statements or questions.

11  Surveys are vulnerable to over-rater or under-rater bias – the tendency for some respondents to give consistantly high or low ratings.  In the case of interviews, biased reactions can be elicited because of characteristics of the interviewer or respondents, or the combination, that elicit an unduly farorable or unfavorable of responses.

12 The Survey Technique  Survey research involves a number of steps:  1. Planning  Begin with a significant question that the researcher believes can be answered using the technique.  Formulate research questions / hypothesis / es – to guide the study

13  Review existing related literature.  Choose the population to which one wants to generalise.  Choose methods and proceedures that could be used to gather the data.

14  2. Sampling  A major concern in surveys.  Decide on the sampling proceedures.  Decide on sample size.  To generalise sample findings to the population, essential that sample selected be representative of population.

15  3. Data collection methods – data collection methods depends on the types of surveys conducted.  A. Survey of records  B. use of questionnaires  Mailed  Individuals

16  C. Interview  Face to face  Individual  telephone  Group

17 Quality of survey  Depends on:  Selection of sample  Instrument used  The way data are collected  Data analysis procedures  Interpretation of data

18 Characteristics of Research Point of comparisons Qualitative Research Quantitative research Focus of researchNature,essence of things How much, how many Goal of investigationUnderstanding, description, naturalistic, grounded, subjective, generate hypothesis Experimental, empirical, statistical, theory testing, prediction Design characteristicsFlexible, evolving, emergent Predetermined, structure

19 SettingNatural, familierArtificial, unfamiliar SampleSmall, nonrandom, theoretical, purposive Large, random, representative Data collectionResearcher as primary instrument, interviews, observations, documents Inanimate instruments (scales, tests, surveys, questionaires, computers) Mode of analysisInductive (by researcher) Deductive (by statistical methods) FindingsComprehensive, wholistic, expansive Precise, narrow, reductionist.

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