Expanding West Unit 6

Expanding West “American Progress” by John Gast

Expanding West With a partner discuss what you see in the painting “American Progress”? With a partner discuss what you see in the painting “American Progress”? What represents America? What represents America? Who is benefitting? Who is benefitting? Who is losing? Who is losing? What do you think is the overall theme of the painting? What do you think is the overall theme of the painting? Be prepared to share out in class. Be prepared to share out in class.

Trails to the West

Americans move west Americans move west Early movement because of a hat! Early movement because of a hat! Hat was made of beaver fur Hat was made of beaver fur Led to large numbers of fur traders and trappers Led to large numbers of fur traders and trappers The western trappers and traders became known as “Mountain Men”. Some of the first explorers of the west. The western trappers and traders became known as “Mountain Men”. Some of the first explorers of the west. John Jacob Astor – American Fur Company John Jacob Astor – American Fur Company

Trails to the West The Oregon Trail

Read “The Oregon Trail” section of your textbook – pages Read “The Oregon Trail” section of your textbook – pages Quickwrite – after reading your textbook section, answer the following questions in your notes: Quickwrite – after reading your textbook section, answer the following questions in your notes: What was the Oregon Trail? What was the Oregon Trail? What was life like on the trail? What was life like on the trail? What were the challenges and hardships faced by the pioneers on the trail? What were the challenges and hardships faced by the pioneers on the trail?

The Oregon Trail Settlers were lured by rich resources and the mild climate. Settlers were lured by rich resources and the mild climate. The trail was 2,000 miles, beginning in Iowa or Missouri and ending in Oregon or California. The trail was 2,000 miles, beginning in Iowa or Missouri and ending in Oregon or California. Hard journey because of food shortages, bad weather, and mountains and rivers that were difficult to cross. Hard journey because of food shortages, bad weather, and mountains and rivers that were difficult to cross.

Dangers Threats to life and limb Threats to life and limb Accidents Accidents Crossing rivers Crossing rivers People crushed by wagons People crushed by wagons Accidental discharge of firearms Accidental discharge of firearms Disease Disease Cholera Cholera Small pos Small pos Flu Flu Measles Measles Mumps Mumps tuberculosis tuberculosis

Natives

The Doomed Donner Party April 1846 – April 1847

The Doomed Donner Party story-of-us/videos/the-donner-party#the-donner- party story-of-us/videos/the-donner-party#the-donner- party story-of-us/videos/the-donner-party#the-donner- party story-of-us/videos/the-donner-party#the-donner- party

The Donner Party James and Margaret Reed Georgia Donner, Eliza Donner and Mary Brunner

The Santa Fe Trail

Another important path west – from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Another important path west – from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Was originally a Native American trading route Was originally a Native American trading route Traders used the route to trade American goods for Mexican goods; traders made high profits. Traders used the route to trade American goods for Mexican goods; traders made high profits. Difficult journey due to hot desert and rough mountains Difficult journey due to hot desert and rough mountains

The Mormons This group traveled west in search of religious freedom. This group traveled west in search of religious freedom. Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in western New York in Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in western New York in Church members were persecuted due to some beliefs, including polygamy (1 man married to several wives). Church members were persecuted due to some beliefs, including polygamy (1 man married to several wives). Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob in Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob in Brigham Young became the new head of the church and moved the group to Utah. Brigham Young became the new head of the church and moved the group to Utah. Thousands of Mormons took the Mormon Trail to Utah. By 1860, there were about 40,000 Mormons there. Thousands of Mormons took the Mormon Trail to Utah. By 1860, there were about 40,000 Mormons there.

The Mormon Trail

Overland Immigration West Between 1840 and 1860 more than 250,000 people made the trek westward

Trails Westward

Texas

Texas With a partner, read pages of your textbook, “The Texas Revolution”. With a partner, read pages of your textbook, “The Texas Revolution”. As you read, take Cornell notes – continue these notes on your Expanding West notes. As you read, take Cornell notes – continue these notes on your Expanding West notes.

Texas Many American settlers moved to Texas after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. Many American settlers moved to Texas after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. Mexico gained independence in Mexico gained independence in The new Mexican government hired empresarios, or agents, to bring settlers to Texas. The new Mexican government hired empresarios, or agents, to bring settlers to Texas. Stephen F. Austin, an agent, started a colony on lower the Colorado River in Stephen F. Austin, an agent, started a colony on lower the Colorado River in Success attracted more American settlers, who received free land in exchange for obeying Mexican laws. Success attracted more American settlers, who received free land in exchange for obeying Mexican laws. Mexico was concerned about the number of Americans and banned further settlement. Mexico was concerned about the number of Americans and banned further settlement.

An Independent Texas Remember the Alamo!!! Remember the Alamo!!! The Texans’ actions in declaring independence angered the Mexican leader Santa Anna The Texans’ actions in declaring independence angered the Mexican leader Santa Anna Texas force of fewer than 200, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, occupied the Alamo which was an abandoned mission near San Antonio. Texas force of fewer than 200, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, occupied the Alamo which was an abandoned mission near San Antonio. The Texans held out for almost two weeks in the Alamo against a huge Mexican army. The Texans held out for almost two weeks in the Alamo against a huge Mexican army. On March 6 the Mexicans attacked killing all of the Texans in the Alamo. On March 6 the Mexicans attacked killing all of the Texans in the Alamo.

An Independent Texas Battle of San Jacinto – Battle of San Jacinto – Santa Anna was pursuing the Texans’ forces led by Sam Houston. Santa Anna was pursuing the Texans’ forces led by Sam Houston. The Mexicans became careless while resting on April 21, 1836 and the Texans attacked shouting “Remember the Alamo!” The Mexicans became careless while resting on April 21, 1836 and the Texans attacked shouting “Remember the Alamo!” Santa Anna’s forces were defeated and he was forced to sign a treaty giving Texas independence from Mexico. Santa Anna’s forces were defeated and he was forced to sign a treaty giving Texas independence from Mexico.

An Independent Texas War began October 1835 in a battle at Gonzales, Texas. War began October 1835 in a battle at Gonzales, Texas. Texans declared independence on March 2, Texans declared independence on March 2, The Republic of Texas was established. The Republic of Texas was established. Sam Houston was named head of the Texas army. Sam Houston was named head of the Texas army. Stephen F. Austin went to the United States to seek money and troops. Stephen F. Austin went to the United States to seek money and troops.

The Republic of Texas

Manifest Destiny Americans belief that the nation had a Manifest Destiny to claim new lands in the West. Americans belief that the nation had a Manifest Destiny to claim new lands in the West. Americans believed they could build a new, better society founded on democratic principles. Americans believed they could build a new, better society founded on democratic principles. The United States had a booming economy and population in the 1840s. The United States had a booming economy and population in the 1840s. Needed more space for farms, ranches, businesses, and families Needed more space for farms, ranches, businesses, and families Looked to the West Looked to the West Some believed it was America’s manifest destiny, or obvious fate, to settle all land to the Pacific. Some believed it was America’s manifest destiny, or obvious fate, to settle all land to the Pacific. Question was whether slavery would be allowed in new territories Question was whether slavery would be allowed in new territories

Oregon and Texas Democrat James K. Polk elected in 1844; favored acquiring Texas and Oregon Democrat James K. Polk elected in 1844; favored acquiring Texas and Oregon Oregon Oregon Polk avoided war with Britain over Oregon and negotiated treaty for land south of forty- ninth parallel Polk avoided war with Britain over Oregon and negotiated treaty for land south of forty- ninth parallel Oregon organized as territory in 1848 Oregon organized as territory in 1848 Texas Texas Texas annexed in 1845, but this action angered Mexico Texas annexed in 1845, but this action angered Mexico

The Mexican-American War

The Road to War Polk elected in 1844, many see as mandate for Manifest Destiny. Polk elected in 1844, many see as mandate for Manifest Destiny. Desire to acquire California—American settlers already living there. Desire to acquire California—American settlers already living there. Conflicts with Mexico over American claims and boundary disputes. Conflicts with Mexico over American claims and boundary disputes.

The Slidell Mission   Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.  US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.  US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.  US would buy California at any price.  REFUSED!   Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border.  US would forgive American citizens’ claims against the Mexican govt.  US would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000.  US would buy California at any price.  REFUSED! John Slidell

The Mexican-American War ( ) 1846: Polk orders troops to march from the Nueces to the Rio Grande. Provoked Mexican Army into firing first Congress declares war.

The Mexican-American War Partner read pages 320 – 325 – Start at the heading “War Begins’ Partner read pages 320 – 325 – Start at the heading “War Begins’ Take Cornell notes – if you are not finished by the end of class, the remainder is homework Take Cornell notes – if you are not finished by the end of class, the remainder is homework

The Bear Flag Revolt Only about 500 Americans were in California in 1846, in contrast to about 12,000 Californios. Only about 500 Americans were in California in 1846, in contrast to about 12,000 Californios. Americans seized Sonoma and declared California to be an independent nation on June 14, This started the Bear Flag Revolt. Americans seized Sonoma and declared California to be an independent nation on June 14, This started the Bear Flag Revolt. John C. Fremont was the leader of a U.S. Army mapping expedition and he entered California to support its independence. John C. Fremont was the leader of a U.S. Army mapping expedition and he entered California to support its independence. U.S. naval and military forces invaded California in June 1846 and claimed California for the U.S. U.S. naval and military forces invaded California in June 1846 and claimed California for the U.S.

The Bear Flag Republic John C. Frémont The Revolt  June 14, 1845

The War’s End Buena Vista Buena Vista General Taylor’s forces defeated the Mexican army under Santa Anna at Buena Vista in February Veracruz General Winfield Scott’s forces seized the port of Veracruz in March 1847.General Winfield Scott’s forces seized the port of Veracruz in March Veracruz was the strongest fortress in Mexico.Veracruz was the strongest fortress in Mexico. Mexico CityMexico City Scott’s troops took Mexico City in September 1847 after a brave defense by Mexican soldiers.Scott’s troops took Mexico City in September 1847 after a brave defense by Mexican soldiers.

The Bombardment of Veracruz

General Scott Enters Mexico City US victory - September 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 The Mexican Cession Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. Mexico gave the U. S. California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming. U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,000,000). MEXICO LOST HALF OF ITS TERRITORY IN ALL! The Mexican Cession Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. Mexico gave the U. S. California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming. U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,000,000). MEXICO LOST HALF OF ITS TERRITORY IN ALL! The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

The Gadsden Purchase An agreement negotiated with Mexico in 1853 An agreement negotiated with Mexico in 1853 The U.S. government paid Mexico $10 million. The U.S. government paid Mexico $10 million. The U.S. received the southern parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico. The U.S. received the southern parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico. Finalized the current boundary with Mexico. Finalized the current boundary with Mexico. 33 cents an acre. Now that's a good deal!

Legacies of Mexican-American War “Small war”—not many lives lost “Small war”—not many lives lost Gained a ton of land (increased size of US by 1/3) Gained a ton of land (increased size of US by 1/3) Prepared military and soldiers for Civil War Prepared military and soldiers for Civil War Led to Mexican resentment Led to Mexican resentment Stirred the issue of slavery which would lead to Civil War Stirred the issue of slavery which would lead to Civil War

GOLD!!!! Sutter’s Mill Sutter’s Mill John A. Sutter

The California Gold Rush 1849 Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in January Gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill in January About 80,000 gold-seekers came to California in 1849; they were called forty-niners. About 80,000 gold-seekers came to California in 1849; they were called forty-niners. They would prospect, or search for gold, along banks of streams or in surface mines. They would prospect, or search for gold, along banks of streams or in surface mines. Placer miners used pans to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel. Placer miners used pans to wash gold nuggets out of loose rock and gravel. California produced $60 million in gold in California produced $60 million in gold in 1853.

California Gold Rush 1849 The original 49ers

The California Gold Rush

Life of the Miners Mining camps sprang up wherever enough people gathered to look for gold. Mining camps sprang up wherever enough people gathered to look for gold. Miners came from many cultures and backgrounds. Miners came from many cultures and backgrounds. Most were young, unmarried men in search of adventure. Most were young, unmarried men in search of adventure. 80% were Americans; the rest came from around the world. 80% were Americans; the rest came from around the world. Only 5 percent of gold-rush immigrants were women or children. Only 5 percent of gold-rush immigrants were women or children. Women generally made good money by cooking meals, washing clothes, and operating boardinghouses. Women generally made good money by cooking meals, washing clothes, and operating boardinghouses. Miners paid high prices for basic necessities because the huge amount of gold in circulation caused severe inflation in California. Miners paid high prices for basic necessities because the huge amount of gold in circulation caused severe inflation in California.

The California Gold Rush

Effects of the Gold Rush Population Boom Population Boom Population explosion quickly made California eligible for statehoodPopulation explosion quickly made California eligible for statehood Became 31 st state in 1850Became 31 st state in 1850 Growth had negative effect on Californios and Native Americans in CaliforniaGrowth had negative effect on Californios and Native Americans in California Economic Boom Economic Boom New businesses and industries transformed California.New businesses and industries transformed California. Completion of transcontinental railroad in 1869 ended isolation from rest of country and aided economyCompletion of transcontinental railroad in 1869 ended isolation from rest of country and aided economy

Cause and Effects of Westward Movement Causes Americans believe in idea of manifest destinyAmericans believe in idea of manifest destiny United States acquires vast new lands in WestUnited States acquires vast new lands in West Pathfinders open trails to new territoriesPathfinders open trails to new territories Gold is discovered in CaliforniaGold is discovered in California Effects Native Americans are forced off lands Americans travel west to settle new areas United States stretches to Pacific California experiences population boom