© 2014 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Class Name, Instructor Name Date, Semester Lasley & Guskos, Criminal Investigation: An Illustrated Case Study Approach 1ed Chapter 1 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: THEN AND NOW

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation Describe how developments in research and science have aided criminal investigation Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America Explain the organization, roles, and responsibilities of various police agencies CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

Outline the history of policing and criminal investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

4 BOW STREET RUNNERS: Henry Fielding —Organized volunteers called “thief- takers” in 1748 John Fielding —created the first organized nonmunicipal detectives 4 History of Investigations

Scotland Yard Detective Branch 5 The Daniel Good murder enforced the need for detectives looking like ordinary citizens Established in 1842, multiple municipal law enforcement agencies created London’s Scotland Yard Detective Branch.

Describe how developments in research and science have aided criminal investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

Toxicology: Cause of Death Mathieu Orfila— toxicologist Began scientific era Mathieu Orfila— toxicologist Began scientific era 7 Research and Science Investigation: Scientific and Laboratory analyses Investigation: Scientific and Laboratory analyses

Discuss the three periods of American criminal investigation Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

Technological Period Technological Period Scientific Period Scientific Period 9 American Investigations Prescientific Period Prescientific Period

Prescientific Period Informal law enforcement activities led to the creation of local, state, federal agencies 10 Prescientific Period

Scientific Period Began with advent of the investigative crime lab in early 1920s 11 Scientific Period

Technological Period 12 Technological Period 1960s added computers and large-scale databases to criminal investigations

Explain the organization, roles, and responsibilities of various police agencies Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

Investigative Agencies Established 14 U.S. Marshall Service — 1789, court security, serve arrest warrants, capture fugitives U.S. Postal Inspection — 1830, mail theft, fraud, identity theft, bombings, child exploitation, terrorism Texas Rangers — 1835, major crimes, unsolved crimes, serial offenders, public corruption, officer involved shootings

Investigative Agencies Established Municipal Detectives — 1846, Francis Tukey “show up of rogues,” Allan Pinkerton 1849, first US plainclothes detective Pinkerton Detectives — 1850, private investigation agency, security services Secret Service — 1865, prevent counterfeiting, protect president, money laundering 15

Investigative Agencies Established FBI — 1908, civil rights matters, counterterrorism, organized crime, financial crimes Bureau of Prohibition — 1927, liquor laws, changed to ATF, illegal use/trafficking firearms, explosives, arson, bombings, terrorism, alcohol, tobacco Bureau of Narcotics — 1930, drug enforcement, changed to DEA 16

Discuss the origins of criminal investigative agencies in America Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

Origins World’s first crime lab—France, Edmond Locard, 1910 First U.S. crime lab—LAPD, 1923, August Vollmer Calvin Goddard—earliest private crime lab –Sacco-Vanzetti murder case (ballistics) –St. Valentine’s Day Massacre –Goddard appointed as Director of private crime lab 1929 because of these 2 cases 18

Origins FBI implementation of crime lab –J. Edgar Hoover National Bureau of Criminal Identification Criminal Laboratory opened 1932 in Washington DC –Typewriter Standards File –National Fraudulent Check File –Anonymous Letter File –National Automotive Paint File –Reference Firearms Collection 19

Advancements 20 Academic Innovations Paul Kirk Trace evidence Blood spatter analysis Criminalists and Forensic Science American Board of Criminalists Criminalists Forensic Sciences

21 Advancements NCIC 1967 Crime related information— vehicles, persons IAFIS Digital fingerprint system DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Pitchfork case (Sexual assault and murder of 2 women using DNA for case resolution)

22 Advancements CODIS Genetic fingerprints Sex offenders DHS terrorism International & domestic

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved The origins of criminal investigation can be traced back to the activities of several private individuals and groups, known as thief-takers. Henry Fielding and Sir John Fielding organized the first such group, the Bow Street Runners, in London. French toxicologist Mathieu Orfila testified as a forensic expert in a suspected murder by poisoning case, did the sciences become an established investigative tool. Other notable pioneering scientific contributions include Bertillon’s 1833 method of criminal identification by measurement (anthropometry) and Galton’s 1892 method of fingerprint classification. CHAPTER SUMMARY Prescientific Period, the first period of American criminal investigation, was characterized by information gathering techniques; the Scientific Period, the second period, involved the use of newly developed criminal identification methods; and the Technological Period, present-day investigations, involves the use of sophisticated high-tech innovations.

© 2013 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All Rights Reserved The world’s first lab was started in 1910 by Edmond Locard in France; first U.S. crime lab, LYPD, was instituted in 1923 by August Vollmer; and the earliest crime lab, Bureau of Scientific Ballistic, was found by Calvin Goddard. CHAPTER SUMMARY The U.S. Marshals Service was the first investigative agency, which was formed at the federal level; the other significant investigative agencies are the Texas Rangers, the U.S. Postal Inspection; Municipal Detectives; Pinkerton Detectives; Secret Service; FBI, Bureau of Prohibition; Bureau of Narcotics, etc.