GTN301/3 COMMUNITY NUTRITION AND DIETETICS SERVICES PRACTICUM Developmental Disability : Down Syndrome Prepared by, Bibiana Chee Pei Tiing Dietetics 3 rd year

What is Down Syndrome? Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes lifelong mental retardation and developmental delays. Down syndrome occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. Common physical traits: low muscle tone small stature an upward slant to the eyes a single deep crease across the center of the palm Each person with Down syndrome is a unique individual and may possess these characteristics to different degrees.

What Impact Does Down Syndrome Have on Society? Individuals with Down syndrome are becoming increasingly integrated into society and community organizations, such as school, health care systems, work forces, and social and recreational activities. With recent advancements in clinical treatment, most particularly corrective heart surgeries, as many as 80% of adults with Down syndrome reach age 60, and many live even longer. More and more people are interacting with individuals with Down syndrome, increasing the need for widespread public education and acceptance.

Behavioral Challenges In Persons with Down Syndrome The behavioral challenges seen in children with Down syndrome are usually not all that different from those seen in typically developing children. For example, temper tantrums are typically common in 2-3 year olds, but for a child with Down syndrome, they may begin at 3-4. When evaluating behavior in a child or adult with Down syndrome it is important to look at the behavior in the context of the individual's developmental age. It is also important to know the individual's receptive and expressive language skill levels, because many behavior problems are related to frustration with communication.

Common Behavior Concerns Wandering or running off - safety of the individual with Down Syndrome Stubborn or oppositional behaviours - individual's way of communicating frustration or a lack of understanding due to their communication/language problems Attention problem - anxiety disorders, language processing problems and hearing loss can also present as problems with attention Obsessive or compulsive behaviours - Increased levels of restlessness and worry may lead the child or adult to behave in a very rigid manner Autism spectrum disorder - important for signs of autism to be identified as early as possible so the child can receive the most appropriate therapeutic and educational services

How Should Parents and Caregivers Approach Behavior Issues in Individuals With Down Syndrome? Rule out a medical problem that could be related to the behavior. Consider emotional stresses at home, school or work that may impact behavior. Work with a professional (psychologist, behavioral pediatrician, counselor) to develop a behavior treatment plan using the ABC's of behavior. (Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence of the behavior) Medication may be indicated in particular cases such as ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ) and autism.

How Should Parents and Caregivers Approach Behavior Issues in Individuals With Down Syndrome? Intervention strategies for treatment of behavior problems are variable and dependent on the individual's age, severity of the problem and the setting in which the behavior is most commonly seen. Local parent and caregiver support programs can often help by providing suggestions, support and information about community treatment programs. Psychosocial services in the primary care physician's office can be used for consultative care regarding behavior issues.

Caring for Down Syndrome’s Family Speaking to family members of individuals with Down syndrome. Books and articles written by family members about their personal experiences. Sharing messages among families stated the positive impacts of having a member with Down syndrome far outweigh any difficulties or challenges that may come up. The majority of families share that they are stronger and closer as a result of the experience of dealing with a disability, and that they are more focused on the things that really matter in life.

Caring for Down Syndrome’s Family Many research studies that explore how having a child with Down syndrome affects families. Studies shown that these families do experience additional challenges, their levels of well-being are comparable to families who do not have a child with Down syndrome. Researchers stated that families who are resilient and able to thrive is their ability to access individual, family and community resources.

Reference National Down Syndrome Society Available at: