THE ANATOMY OF 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS: FRANCE AND HAITI

BOURGEOIS LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS  Generally 1680s to 1830s  English, American, French, Haitian  Belgian, Dutch, Italian, German  Meiji Restoration of 1867 (Japan)  Often focuses on middle class issues  Violence occurs but not always a means  Tendency to turn conservative  Conflict with radicals  Nationalism managed

NATIONALIST OR INTERIM  France was an example as was Haiti  Generally between 1830 – 1870  Latin American independence movements  Mehmet Ali (Egypt), 1830  French Revolution 1848, Commune 1870  Polish 1830, 1848, 1863  19 th c. Eastern Europe  All revolutions of 1848  Increasingly nationalist  Increasingly poor citizens participate  Increasingly opposed by middle class

MASS REVOLUTIONS  In some ways France, Haiti were both  Characteristics  Radical lower middle, working classes  Mass Mobilization by Leading Elite All citizens join to achieve end Led by revolutionary, secretive elite Uses mass media to function, rule  Desire to remake society radically  Often uses violence as means to end

FRANCE: THE MODEL ESTABLISHED MANY YEARS LATER!

OLD REGIME LOSES CONTROL  The state is economically weak if not bankrupt.  Central government is ineffective and cannot enforce its rules and policies.  New ideas circulate which challenge the older traditions.  Vocally powerful and influential opposition arises.

TRADITIONAL CONSERVATIVES SEEK CONTROL  The old social elites attempt to reassert their privileges.  Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose changes, seek control of the situation.  Short-term event sparks a conflict.  Government too divided and weak to suppress the conflict.

THE MODERATE PHASE  The moderates come to control  Feudalism abolished  Electorate expanded  Liberal Constitution  Reforms especially economics and political initiated.

REACTION TO MODERATES  Moderates stop reforms.  Moderate franchise limited.  Radicals feel moderates too slow  Radicals feel reforms too few  Radicals mobilize their supporters

RADICALS SIEZE CONTROL  Radicals take control.  Radicals restructure state.  Radicals initiate sweeping changes in the society.  The radicals eliminate most old institutions completely.

RADICAL REIGN OF TERROR  “The Revolution Eats Its Children”  Opposition both foreign/domestic arises to challenge radical control.  The radicals remove opposition often through violent methods.  Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies.

MODERATE REACTION  Moderates overthrown radicals  Reestablish moderate regime.  Repress the more radical elements in a “white terror.”  Moderates abandon the more radical reforms.  Moderates return some of the privileges/policies of old regime.  Moderates lose touch with majority of population who want more reforms.

RISE OF A STRONG LEADER  Leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates.  Leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army.  Leader blends conservative, moderate and radical policies.  Leader establishes new, effective, stable, and generally popular institutions.  Revolution ends.

HAITIAN REVOLUTION  Saint-Domingue  Rich French colony on western Hispaniola Society dominated by small white planter class 90 percent of population were slaves Horrendous working conditions Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons) Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks Free blacks fought in American war  Widespread discontent White settlers sought self-governance Gens de couleur sought political rights Slaves wanted freedom  Slave revolt began in 1791  Factions of white settlers, gens de couleur, slaves battled each other  French troops arrived in 1792; British, Spanish intervened in 1793  Slaves conquer whole island including Spanish part  Whites driven into exile, executed  Toussaint Louverture ( )  Son of slaves, literate, son of Enlightenment  Skilled organizer, built strong, disciplined army Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797 Created a constitution in 1801  Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803  Haiti  Yellow fever ravaged French troops; defeated, driven out by slave armies  Declared independence in 1803; republic established in 1804  Civil War followed until 1810; kingdom to 1820  Dominican Republic independent in 1844

SAN DOMINIQUE OR HAITI: BRITON CRANE’S MODEL APPLIED

OLD REGIME LOSES CONTROL  Rich French colony on western Hispaniola Society dominated by small white planter class 90 percent of population were slaves Horrendous working conditions Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons) Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks Free blacks fought in American war  Widespread discontent White settlers sought self-governance Gens de couleur sought political rights Slaves wanted freedom

TRADITIONAL CONSERVATIVES SEEK CONTROL  The old social elites attempt to reassert their privileges.  Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose changes, seek control of the situation.  Short-term event sparks a conflict.  Government too divided and weak to suppress the conflict.

THE MODERATE PHASE  The moderates come to control  Feudalism abolished  Electorate expanded  Liberal Constitution  Reforms especially economics and political initiated.

REACTION TO MODERATES  Moderates stop reforms.  Moderate franchise limited.  Radicals feel moderates too slow  Radicals feel reforms too few  Radicals mobilize their supporters

RADICALS SIEZE CONTROL  Radicals take control.  Radicals restructure state.  Radicals initiate sweeping changes in the society.  The radicals eliminate most old institutions completely.

RADICAL REIGN OF TERROR  “The Revolution Eats Its Children”  Opposition both foreign/domestic arises to challenge radical control.  The radicals remove opposition often through violent methods.  Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies.

MODERATE REACTION  Moderates overthrown radicals  Reestablish moderate regime.  Repress the more radical elements in a “white terror.”  Moderates abandon the more radical reforms.  Moderates return some of the privileges/policies of old regime.  Moderates lose touch with majority of population who want more reforms.

RISE OF A STRONG LEADER  Leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates.  Leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army.  Leader blends conservative, moderate and radical policies.  Leader establishes new, effective, stable, and generally popular institutions.  Revolution ends.