SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS

PART 1

 Sense  Unicorn  Reference  Cat

 Night/knightphonologically (/n/)  Lift/liftedmorphologically (roots)  Write/paintsyntactically (transitive)  Pot/pansemantically (sister terms) WORD RELATIONSHIPS

 Dog & Poodle  All poodles are dogs = X is always included as a part of Y  Dog and poodle are hyponyms  Sister Term  Two or more terms that are on the same level within a hyponymous hierarchy HYPONYMY & SISTER TERMS

BUILD YOUR OWN HYPONYM

SYNONYMS  Two words that share the exact same reference.

 What is the antonym to emasculate?emasculat  : to make (a man) feel less masculine : to deprive (a man) of his male strength, role, etc.  : to make (something) weaker or less effective  What’s the difference between a complementary pair and gradable pair?  Discuss with your neighbor-  How _____ is he/it? ANTONYMS

 Semantics at the sentence level  Entailment  All dogs bark  Sally’s dog barks  Mutual Entailment  Ian has a female sibling  Ian has a sister PROPOSITIONS

 “The meaning of a sentence (or any other multi-word expression) is a function of the meanings of the words it contains, and how these words are syntactically combined.  Sally loves Polly.  Polly loves Sally. PRINCIPLE OF COMPOSITIONALITY

 Shramped flonked flo britter.  Shramped flonked the britter.  Shramped kicked the britter.  Roberto kicked the britter.  Roberto kicked the ball.  Roberto kicked the bucket. SEMANTICS AND SYNTAX

 Think of 3 idiomatic expressions in English.  Invent 1 new idiomatic expression in English.  Idioms in Spanish/other languages?  Pan comido (piece of cake)  Llevar leña al monte (to carry coals to Newcastle) IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

PART 2

 Sentence: There is a platypus in the bathtub.  Utterance: The event that occurs when a sentence is spoken.  The same sentence could have an infinite number of utterances.  Properties of utterances include: time, place, volume, the speaker SENTENCE VS. UTTERANCE

 Deictic words  Those things that hold the place of other things in a thing when someone says it.  What does (can) this sentence mean?  Can you take the trash out? CONTEXT AND MEANING

 Linguistic  What precedes a particular utterance in a discourse.  Do you like green beans?  Yes. Yes, I do.  Situational  Nonlinguistic information that allows for an utterance to be understood.  It smells.  Social  Relationships between interlocutors KINDS OF CONTEXT

 The difference is intuitive.  Judgments of felicity may differ from one speaker to another.  What do you do for a living?  I’m a linguistic professor at Ohio State.  What do you do for a living?  I have a job. FELICITOUS & INFELICITOUS

 Steven Pinker (The cooperative principle) Steven Pinker THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE

1.Maxim of Quality 2.Maxim of Relevance 3.Maxim of Quantity 4.Maxim of Manner 5.ViolationsViolations GRICE’S MAXIMS