Revolutions in Latin America Unit 5: Lesson #4

Warm UP!!!!  During the Italian unification, who is credited with uniting northern Italy?  During the Italian unification, who is credited with uniting southern Italy?  After the Italian unification, who becomes the first King of Italy?  Who is credited for uniting Germany? What policy did he use when uniting Germany?

Today’s Theme!! AAs we finish Unit 5 on Nationalism and World – Wide Revolutions, lets focus on the following theme: CColonies strive for independence from their mother countries.

Did YOU Know?!?  Cowboys sang to their cattle at night to help them sleep.  The colder the room you sleep in, the better the chances are that you’ll have a bad dream.  It costs more money to buy a new car today in the United States than it cost Christopher Columbus to equip and undertake three voyages to and from the New World.  The shortest war in history was between Zanzibar and England in Zanzibar surrendered in 38 minutes!

Introduction TThe Enlightenment, American, and French Revolutions inspired the revolutions of the Latin American nations a s they cast off the European rule. LLatin America = Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America

The Colonial System in Latin America  Spanish Conquistadors and French explorers will set up colonies in Latin America.  Colonial governments followed the ways and customs of the mother country.  Jesuit missionaries had firmly established Catholicism in the Latin America.  The colonial economies centralize on the mining of precious metals.  The metals were then sent back to the mother country for production.

 Spanish conquests in Latin America will bring destruction to the Native Americans (Disease!! = Smallpox)  To fill the void of labor, Africans will be brought in as slaves in Latin America.  Major cities developed in Latin America : Havana, Mexico City, Lim, Sau Paulo, and Buenos Aires.

Spanish Colonial Structure in L.A.  Spanish conquistadors were given governmental authority by the Spanish crown, becoming known as viceroys.  Viceroys = colonial officers who rule the colony in place of the king from the mother country.  Latin American colonial society was sharply divided into classes based on birth:  Peninsulares (viceroys)– men who had been born in Spain  Creoles – 100% Spanish, but born in Latin America.  Mestizos/mulattos = Blend of Spanish and American Indian

Revolutions in Haiti  The French colony called Saint Domingue (now Haiti) w as the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule.  Approximately 500,000 African slaves worked on plantations in Haiti, suffering from brutal and violent conditions laid upon them by their white, French masters.

Revolutions in Haiti, Cont’d  Toussaint L’Ouverture rose as the leader of the oppressed slaves and formed an army made of slaves.  Toussaint will gain control of Haiti by defeating the French army and abolishing slavery.

Did YOU Know?!? TThe ancient Egyptians bought jewelry for their pet crocodiles. TThe 17 th century French Cardinal Mazarin never traveled without his personal chocolate maker. IIn Japan, there are special slippers to be worn when using the toilet. NNurses and doctors wash their hands between patients less than one-third of the time.

Mexican Independence Movement  Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, Miguel Hidalgo will begin a rebellion against the Spanish in Mexico in  Hidalgo raised an army of 60,00 men, composed of Native Americans and Mestizos (oppressed lower classes).  Hidalgo will try to overthrow Mexico City, but will be unsuccessful.  However, the seed of revolution had been planted and in 1821 Mexico will gain independence from Spain.

Revolutions in South America IIn 1811, areas of South America will begin to rebel against the Spanish and Portuguese. SSimon Bolivar, who was a native of Venezuela, will become a general of an army of rebels who will fight against the Spanish viceroy. BBolivar will liberate the northern areas of Latin America ( Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Bolivia) from the Spanish.

The United States Becomes Involved  As new Latin American countries freed themselves from the grips of European colonial rule, the United States feared that European countries would attempt to recolonize the America continents.  In 1823, President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, stating that Latin American nations were acknowledged as independent and are not to be co colonized by Europeans ever again.  The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctrine: Political Cartoon

Conclusion  As a result of the Latin American Revolutions, the countries of Mexico, Haiti, Columbia, Venezuela, and Brazil are all established in the 1800s.  French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.  Cultural characteristics of European countries will remain, but colonies are now gone!

Latin American Revolutions Mapped out! Mexico Haiti Venezuela Columbia Brazil