An Emerging Colonial ‘Unity’

Completely Useless Information The space between your eyebrows is called the glabella. Ninety percent of the population has an "innie" belly button. The thumbnail grows the slowest. The middle nail grows the fastest.

JOURNAL: QUICK WRITE What is the purpose of a colony? Which societies did the slave trade impact?

Mercantilism: The Colonial Economy Mercantilism is an economic system in which a nation regulates commerce to gain wealth through a favorable trade balance with its colonies. Mercantilism is the idea that a nation’s power is derived from its wealth (economy). Colonies existed to benefit the mother country and were vital because they provided inexpensive raw materials and resources for manufactured goods. England, France, and Spain wanted to create powerful, prosperous, self- sufficient nation-states to increase their power in Europe and the World. LAND=WEALTH=POWER

Navigation Acts Laws passed by Parliament between 1651 and 1673 designed to regulate and protect England’s empire. The Acts did all of the following: – All European goods must pass through England before reaching colonies (applied import tax). – Enumerated goods from the colonies (tobacco, rice, lumber, sugar, etc.) could only be sold to England.

Impact of Navigation Acts Positive Benefits for the Colonies Free military aid Guaranteed market and price for colonial goods (monopolies) Boom for shipbuilders in New England. Negative Effect on the Colonies Colonies could not develop strong manufacturing sector (New England). Low prices and profits for South create debt to English merchants (tobacco farmers in Virginia). Writs of assistance, which gave British officials the right search ships without reason, viewed as a violation of colonial rights.

Slavery in Colonial America Need for a new, cheap source of labor because of extensive cultivation of cash crops Slaves from West Africa were brought to the Caribbean through the Middle Passage. – Slaves were packed into coffin- sized areas below deck and forced to lay in their own filth from three weeks to three months. – Many died as a result of these horrific conditions. Dutch traders brought the first slaves to Jamestown in 1619 to work on tobacco plantations.

Slavery in Colonial America Growth in slavery is tied to growth of plantation system – In 1690 – 13,000 slaves in the Southern colonies – In 1750 – 200,000 slaves in the Southern colonies Around the age of 12, slaves began full-time work, which would continue until their death. Entire families were enslaved and many were separated upon arrival in the Caribbean and North America.

The Great Awakening: A Religious Revival A religious movement that swept both Europe and the colonies during the mid-17 th century. Attacked the dry procedural approach of the established churches through sermons that emphasized emotion, excitement and inclusion.

The Great Awakening (cont.) Jonathan Edwards (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”) Impact: Spread religious enthusiasm and brought religion to the lower classes and slaves. Led to the rapid growth of evangelical religions (Methodists, Baptists), thus undermining the power of the established church and government order. Laid the foundation for the First Amendment, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and one of the social foundations of the American Revolution.

The French and Indian War War between rivals England and France ( ) over the Ohio River Valley in North America. England was allied with its American colonies, while the French were allied with several Native American tribes. England/American colonies vs. French/Native Americans George Washington debuts on the battlefield and was defeated by the French at Fort Duquesne.

Albany Plan Benjamin Franklin suggested a plan of union to unite the colonies in 1754 to raise money, troops, and regulate trade. British and colonial governments reject Albany Plan because they fear power of centralized government. Plan represented precedent for working together (American Revolution).

The Treaty of Paris, 1763 The English defeated the French and negotiated a favorable peace. The French gave up all its North American colonies. – Canada and all land east of the Mississippi to England. – All land west of Mississippi to Spain to compensate for loss of Florida to the British. The French would look for an opportunity for revenge- American Revolution.

After the French and Indian War… England (Great Britain) was the major colonial power. France is driven out of North America. British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. – Great Britain did not want to have to pay to defend colonists from Native Americans in unsettled areas. Great Britain increased taxes to cut debt from war.

The French and Indian War: A Major Turning Point for British-Colonial Relations Colonies: United them against a common enemy for the first time. The Proclamation of 1763, aimed at ending expansion west of the Appalachians, was ultimately hated/fought by the colonists. Taxes, the Proclamation of 1763 and the increased presence of British troops in the colonies created increasing resentment towards British that would only intensify over time. Colonists had grown accustomed to running their own affairs (salutary neglect) and these changes laid the groundwork for the American Revolution Britain: Increased its colonial empire in the Americas. Stationed 10,000 troops in its territory. Doubled its national debt.

True or False…..Explain Slavery create the basis of economic freedom in colonial America. If one nation is more powerful than another then it should be able to conquer that society.