Today’s Bellwork Read and answer the practice test question.

Cell Cycle

Period of time from one division to the next Unicellular division results in formation of new individuals of the species Multicellular division results in replacement of old or damaged cells Process by which the nucleus divides while maintaining number of chromosomes (diploid) Division of the cytoplasm Asexual Reproduction Reproduction that only involves one parent so therefore no special reproductive organs are needed Cell Cycle Mitosis Cytokinesis

Nuclear DNA wound around proteins known as histones Condensed rolls of chromatin (chromatid) that are able to be seen during mitosis (rod-like structures) There are 5 phases in the Cell Cycle: Interphase Metaphase Prophase Anaphase Telophase Chromatin Chromosomes MITOSIS CHECKPOINTS: G1 S G2

Interphase The Life Cycle of the Cell Cells grow in size by producing more nucleic acids, proteins, and cellular organelles Chromosomes make copies of themselves, but they can’t be seen Nucleus of the cell is contained within the nuclear envelope Centrioles are present and duplicate themselves

Prophase Double chromosomes become visible - Chromatid Chromosomes are 2 sister (also known as homologous) chromatids connected by a centromere

At the beginning, centrioles move to opposite poles Aster (star shaped fibers) extend = microtubules Spindle fibers attach (to centromere to pull away chromatids to opposite sides of the cell) By the end, the nuclear envelope and nucleus have disappeared

Metaphase Centromeres line up on the equator (middle= metaphase plate) By the end, the centromeres divide and pull the daughter chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell Half of each chromosome goes to the opposite side of the cell

Anaphase Daughter chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell (poles) Movement is accomplished by the microtubules Movement occurs by shortening of the microtubules

Telophase Chromosomes uncoil and return to previous shape (threadlike) Nuclear membrane and nuclei reform NOTE: Cytokinesis takes place when the cell splits apart

Come up with your own way to remember the phases of mitosis: PMATI I Pet My Albino Tiger I Pleased My Aunt Tilly

Mitosis Video Review enzoeOM ZIfKlM

Same as mitosis in animals except: Plants have no centrioles – spindle fibers take their place Asters do not form Cell wall does not pinch because it is too rigid Cell plate divides the cell into two

D. Protein that causes cells to go through cell cycle is called cyclin * Occurs only through the process of mitosis Each offspring has the same genetic information Where can asexual reproduction be found? BACTERIAYEAST PLANTS

versus-sexual-reproduction.htmlhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/asexual- versus-sexual-reproduction.html

There are 5 different types of asexual reproduction. 1. Budding Parent divides unequally; new individuals develop from buds ex – yeast & hydra 2. Binary Fission Most simple form of asexual reproduction; Parent divides equally and results in two separate individuals Ex.-paramecium, bacteria 3. Spore Formation Single specialized cells that germinate when released from parent. Usually covered by a protective coating for preservation.

4. Regeneration/fragmentation Ability to regrow new body parts/ability to grow new Organism from parts. ex – hyrda, planaria, starfish, the bad guy from Terminator 2 5. Vegetative Reproduction/Propagation Refers to roots, stems, and leaves. Cells divide then differentiate to produce the same organism Ex.- strawberry plant, pick-a-back plant

Asexual Reproduction Involves the process of Offspring are genetically to parent mitosis identical

Binary Fission Parent divides into halves after nucleus replicates No parent remains  daughter cells grow to normal size Occurs in,, and 2 equal 2 bacteriaprotozoa algae

Budding Parent organism divides into halves Daughter cell forms from outgrowth or off parent Buds may or remain attached and form a 2 unequal bud break off colony

Occurs in andhydrayeast

Sporulation (spore forming) Production of many in a special spore producing structure ( ) Spores are, specialized cells, containing and within a hard case Occurs in,, and spores spore case microscopic nucleuscytoplasm moldsmushrooms ferns

Regeneration Ability to back missing parts The more the organism, the it is to regenerate Occurs in simple organisms such as and grow complex harder starfishflat worm

Vegetative Propagation of a body of a multicellular organism gives rise to a organism Common in - using stems, leaves, or roots Can occur or piece new plants naturallyartificially

Natural Vegetative Propagation Bulb- Corm- Tuber- Runner- Rhizome- Short underground stem with stored food & fleshy leaves Ex. Onion, tulip Short underground stem with stored food Ex. Water chestnut Enlarged underground stem Ex. potato (stolon) horizontal stem with buds along ground’s surface Ex. strawberry Underground horizontal stem Ex. ginger

Tuber Bulb Corm Rhizome Runner

Artificial Vegetative Propagation Cutting- use of plant to reproduce (Ex. ) Layering- stem is over and covered with  will root and form plant (Ex. ) Grafting- stem or bud of one plant is to another plant (Ex. ) part Spider plant bent soil newraspberry joined Seedless fruit tree permanently

LayeringGrafting scion stock