High Renaissance Artistic center moves to Rome when Florence diminishes in power (medicis are expelled, Florence comes under Hapsburg power) Pope Julius II ( was enlightened humanist Pope Leo X ( ) also patronized the arts Politically turbulent time. Primary Artists: Leonardo da Vinci: worked in Rome Bramante: Milan, Rome Michelangelo: Florence, Rome Raphael: Milan, Rome Giorgione: Venice Titian: Venice Tempietto, Bramante,

New Saint Peter’s Basilica ~ Commissioned by Julius II to replace year-old St. Peter’s church ~ Originally designed by Bramante: Greek cross, centrally planned, “sculptured wall” concept ~ 1513 Pope Julius dies, 1514 Bramante dies, Raphael takes over ~1520 Raphael dies, Michelangelo takes over. Significant redesign and simplification. ~Bernini finishes, 1615 East and West ends are opened to each other

New Saint Peter’s Basilica

Leonardo da Vinci Baptism of Christ, Verrocchio, 1470, oil on panel ~Trained in Florence under Verrocchio ~Verrocchio turned solely to sculpture after being overshadowed by Leonardo’s talent ~12 works universally or generally accepted as completed by Leonardo (extant / still in existence) ~Prolific scientific and mechanical journals. ~ Tended to experiment and procrastinate – often did not finish work or handed it off to his workshop to finish. ~Experiments often failed (Last Supper)

Leonardo da Vinci Last Supper, , oil and tempera on plaster ~Apostles in four groups of three (echoes four wall hanging, three windows) ~Gestures, poses, and lighting are significant (Judas on same side of table but leaning away and in darkness) ~ Orthogonals radiate from his head and he creates a triangle shape with extended arms: alludes to “Light of the world” and Holy Trinity

Leonardo da Vinci Madonna and Child with St. Anne, 1506, oil on wood ~St. Anne is Mary’s mother (Mary is often depicted sitting on her lap) ~3 generations in pyramidical format, trinity and past, present, and future ~ Tree and lamb look forward in time to the crucifixion and Christ as the sacrificed lamb. ~ Softer, yellower light than any painter previously ~Technically unique use of chiaroscuro ~Sfumato softens the landscape ~Landscape integrated with figures

Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa, , oil on wood ~Wife of Francesco del Giocondo (Lisa) ~synthesis of figure, architecture, nature ~Cubic space (she is seated in a loggia whose columns were partially trimmed away after Leonardo’s death) ~Figure bathed in deep yellow light, landscape (from her shoulders up) is a blue, smoky light. Forces viewers’ attention to her face ~Formal repeated shapes between figure’s drapery and landscape. The road and her sleeve; aqueduct and shoulder, sfumato and veil… ~Human body as metaphor for earth: flesh=soil, bones=rock, etc… ~departures from typical portraits: NO jewelry, half figure instead of quarter.

Michelangelo Bounarroti Pieta, , marble ~Pyramidal composition – on oval base ~Mary is depicted as young ~Mary, if she stood, is much taller and more monumental than Christ ~Visual parallels in drapery and bodies ~ Mary head forward, Jesus head back ~ only signed piece ~ Made for a chapel of French Cardinal ~Now in St. Peter’s ~ Felt sculpture was a superior artistic method of depicting nature – da Vinci felt painting was superior… ~ Michelangelo stated that Mary’s youth reflected her chaste state ~Unusual subject for Italy – more typical of Northern Renaissance

Michelangelo Bounarroti David, , marble, 14ft ~Florentine commission, intended for outside the cathedral – ended up in front of the government bldg (was going to be up high – instead was displayed at eye level) ~Tree trunk support behind leg is a reminder of Roman copies of Greek bronzes (not structural necessary – a Classical nod) ~More Hellenistic in tone ~Moment before he kills Goliath ~Hands are disproportionate ~”Right over Might” expression shows significant thought before the action. Excellent embodiment of Florentine ideals ~Personally chose blocks of marble at the quarry

Michelangelo ~Side walls were already painted (old Test. on left, New Test. on right) ~From front back: three Creation Scenes, three of Adam and Eve, Three of Noah and the Flood ~ Spandrels are Old scenes ~Lunettes are Old Testament figures, surrounded by prophets and sibyls. Sistine Chapel, , fresco

Michelangelo ~Influenced by Massacio~Tree is formal division between scenes ~Tree also alludes to the crucifixion~Fig tree = fertility ~Oak leaves = Del Rovere family~issues with cleaning…. Sistine Chapel, Tempation/Expulsion, , fresco

Michelangelo ~Late style – borders on Mannerism ~3 planes of existence: Heaven, ascension, earth/hell – new look to this typical scene ~All disorderly and contorted ~Saint Bartholomew with flayed skin/self-portrait ~Classical elements: River Styx, Minos/serpent instead of Satan Sistine Chapel, Last Judgement, , fresco

Raphael Sanzio ~ Urbino, then Florence, then Rome ~ Short life! 37 yrs ~Primarily a painter, also knew architecture ~Pyramidal composition ~Clear light with blue background – not like da Vinci ~St. John the Baptist on left, Christ on Mary’s embrace ~Calm, soothing, bright and happy despite allusions to future Madonna of the Meadow, 1505, oil on panel

Raphael Sanzio ~ In the Villa Farnesina, Rome ~ Galatea being pursued by the cyclops, Polyphemos ~Active, amorous, twisting diagonals – Hellentistic ~Showed his classical knowledge and education Galatea, 1512, Fresco

Raphael ~ Paintings relate to the four allegory tondos. This is under the allegory for “Philosophy” ~ Portraits of philosophers and contemporary artists: da Vinci, Michelangelo, self- portrait of Raphael School of Athens, Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican, , Fresco