The Scientific Revolution

Francis Bacon ( ) Father of Scientific Revolution Father of Scientific Revolution Inductive Method Inductive Method Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge New attitude toward nature New attitude toward nature

*Scientific method* 1.observation 2.hypothesis 3.experimentation 4.conclusion Member of parliament in England Author of Meditationes Sacrae: “Knowledge is power” Scientific truth is not assumed Francis Francis Bacon

Rene Descartes ( ) Significance of Doubt Significance of Doubt Deductive Method Deductive Method Spatial relationships expressed in mathematical formulas Spatial relationships expressed in mathematical formulas Father of “analytical geometry” Father of “analytical geometry”

Isaac Newton ( ) Newton far from perfect rationalist Newton far from perfect rationalist A great synthesizer A great synthesizer Blends inductive & deductive methods Blends inductive & deductive methods Argues for universe governed by natural laws Argues for universe governed by natural laws Principia; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) Principia; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)

ISAAC NEWTON Principles of momentum Law of cooling Speed of sound Discovered a binomial theorem Developed calculus

ISAAC NEWTON Gravity. Every point mass attracts every other point mass by a force directed along the line connecting the two. This force is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them Gravity held objects to earth and solar system together

Anatomy Andreas Vesalius Groundbreaking discoveries in anatomy Published many anatomical diagrams Discovered that blood vessels Originate in heart

William Harvey Discoveries in Blood circulation Blood is pumped by heart and returns through the veins Robert Hooke Biological discovery of the cell

EXPERIMENTS IN CHEMISTRY ROBERT BOYLE Established CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE Improved the construction of the air pump Able to break down the properties of air Boyle’s law states that the product of the volume and pressure of a fixed quantity of an ideal gas is constant, given constant temperature

EXPERIMENTS IN CHEMISTRY Joseph Priestley Existence of oxygen Carbon Dioxide Invention of carbonated drinks “Every year of the last twenty or Thirty Has been of more importance to science…than any ten in the preceding century”

IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution Rise of the “Scientific Community” Rise of the “Scientific Community” --Royal Society of London (1662) --Academy of Royal Sciences (1666) Modern scientific method Modern scientific method A universe ordered according to natural laws A universe ordered according to natural laws

IV. Consequences of the Scientific Revolution (cont) Laws discovered by human reason Laws discovered by human reason de-mystified Universe de-mystified Universe Mechanical View of Universe Mechanical View of Universe Deistic View of God Deistic View of God --God as cosmic capitalist