Scientific Revolution - Connections Continuation of the Renaissance? Continuation of the Renaissance? Continuation of the Reformation? Continuation of the Reformation? Rejection of the Renaissance? Rejection of the Renaissance? Rejection of the Reformation? Rejection of the Reformation? Beginning of truly “modern times”? Beginning of truly “modern times”? End of the Renaissance Man? End of the Renaissance Man?

Scientific Revolution - Summary Using experimentation and reason to prove the truth of something. Using experimentation and reason to prove the truth of something. “I Think, Therefore I am” – Descartes “I Think, Therefore I am” – Descartes Printing Press – Ideas Build Across Time and Space Printing Press – Ideas Build Across Time and Space New Tools (Telescope) and Techniques (Scientific Method) New Tools (Telescope) and Techniques (Scientific Method)

Image Credit: Funky64Funky64

Monty Python Witch Village: Monty Python Witch Village:

Image Credit: Funky64Funky64

Alchemy Chemistry

These years saw the biggest advances in science since the Greeks.

 The Catholic Church The Classic View The Classic View Not the only culprit Not the only culprit

2.Ancient Science was very advanced. 3.Printing Press allowed scientists to communicate allowed scientists to communicate 4.Limited Mathematics calculus was invented later calculus was invented later 5.Limited technology no telescopes, microscopes no telescopes, microscopes 6.Natural Science not emphasized in medieval universities Church Controlled Church Controlled

Ptolemy ( A.D.) (Roman) Egypt Copernicus( )Poland Galileo( )Italy HELIOcentric Theory GEOcentric Theory CONFIRMED Heliocentric Theory

Empiricism Galileo improves telescope, observes Venus

Moon Earth Venus SunMars Geocentric View :

Pre-Scientific Revolution What was the general world-view before the Scientific Revolution? -God is sovereign -accept the unseen by faith alone - Theology was based on Aristotle and Ptolemy

Science vs. the Church? Galileo tried by Church officials Galileo tried by Church officials Recants Recants Genuine? Genuine? Tension between the Church and Science? Tension between the Church and Science?

Importance

Sir Francis Bacon England England “A little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth men’s minds about to religion."

Andreas Vesalius Belgium ( ) Belgium ( ) Experiments on Cadavers Experiments on Cadavers

Universal Gravitation Universal Gravitation Dependent on heliocentric theory Dependent on heliocentric theory Laws of Motion Laws of Motion Beginnings of Calculus Beginnings of Calculus

French Philosopher and Mathematician French Philosopher and Mathematician Cartesian Dualism Cartesian Dualism “Cogito ergo sum.” “Cogito ergo sum.” “I think, therefore I am.”

Cartesian Plane

Cartesian DUALISM The mind and the body are separate. René DescartesRené Descartes's illustration of dualism. Inputs are passed on by the sensory organs to the epiphysis in the brain and from there to the immaterial spirit.epiphysis

Aristotle (Ancient Greek Philosopher) DEDUCTIVE REASONING Start with a premise Valid until disproven Sir Francis Bacon INDUCTIVE REASONING Start with observations Something must be PROVEN in order to be true

Deductive Reasoning All men are mortal Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Premises Conclusion Innocent Until Proven Guilty

Conclusions are drawn from generalizations. Some rights reservedSome rights reserved by Kurt RaschkeKurt Raschke Some rights reservedSome rights reserved by Kurt RaschkeKurt RaschkeDEDUCTIVE

Conclusions are drawn from a series of observations. Some rights reservedSome rights reserved by Kurt RaschkeKurt Raschke Some rights reservedSome rights reserved by Kurt RaschkeKurt RaschkeINDUCTIVE

Descartes & Bacon Based on logic and reason rather than faith – conclusions had to be based on observation (empiricism) and experimentation

The Scientific Revolution was aided by the development of Royal Academies in the seventeenth century. Established by absolute monarchs for Scientific Investigation Why?

Better Science = Better Warmaking Also, Alchemy could make a king rich (for those who believed in it)

Royal Academies published journals so that scientists could communicate. Others could continue their experiments. (e.g., Copernicus  Galileo)

Louis XIV at the French Academy of Sciences

The Limits of Reason… Can God’s existence be established through empirical methods? ? ?

Blaise Pascal French Mathematician

Pascal’s Triangle Blaise Pascal French Mathematician

,000 and 100,000 “witches” burned in Europe The Burning of Three Witches Switzerland, 16 th c. 80% Women The Continuing Influence of Superstition