Explain the concepts of geocentric and heliocentric theories.

Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

Scientific Revolution Scientific method Geocentric theory Heliocentric theory

Renaissance/Reformation People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world New instruments emerged Scientific Method

Until the 1500s there was little difference between science and magic Alchemists Before believed that Alchemists could use spells and magic formulas to try to change one substance into another Astrologers believed that positions of planets would influence human life

Natural Philosophers (medieval scientists) relied on religion and the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans to explain the natural world Began to change w/ the Renaissance Early investigators in solving ancient problems in astronomy, physics, and anatomy created a new way of thinking that no longer relied on magic

Renaissance encouraged curiosity as well as the search for new ideas Began to question old ideas and beliefs People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world

Scientific Revolution: Transformation in thinking that occurred during the 1500s and 1600s caused by scientific observation, experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of the experiments

During the1500s people began to question traditional opinions and began to observe and experiment for themselves. Scientist had access to newly invented instruments: 1 st mercury barometer ( ) barometer, microscope,thermometer, Galilean thermometer 1 st vacuum pump, constructed in st microscope, constructed around 1595 air pump,and telescope Galileo's telescope, constructed in 1609

scientific method Used scientific method to verify the results of an experiment Scientific method: Scientific method: method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments

Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

What the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution? Renaissance/Reformati0n People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world New instruments emerged Scientific Method

Astronomers believed in Ptolemy’s theory that the Earth was the center of the universe and other planets and the Sun moved around it: On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres heliocentric theory Copernicus published a book titled On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres in which he explained his heliocentric theory Sun is the center of the universe Sun is the center of the universe Could not test and prove the theory with the instruments or the mathematics that was available to him Orbits were perfect circles Geocentric theory

Geocentric: “Earth-centered”Heliocentric: “Sun-centered”

Used mathematics to test the heliocentric theory of Copernicus ellipses Discovered the orbits of the planets were not exact circles, they were ovals called ellipses Could not be observed; only mathematicians understood it Kepler's Platonic solid model of the Solar system from Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596)

1. "The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.“ Planets travel around the sun in an ellipse 2. "A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.“ Planets move faster when they are closer to the sun 3. "The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the third power of the semi- major axis of its orbit. Moreover, the constant of proportionality has the same value for all planets.“ Relates to the time it takes for a planet to complete an orbit around the sun

Provided concrete evidence that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Made a telescope and used it to disprove the geocentric theory

Galileo's drawings of the moons of Jupiter of successive nights Galileo's drawings of phases of the Moon. A sketch of the sun made by Galileo in June 1613.

Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World. Published findings in 1632 in Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World. Church disapproved of the theory because it seemed to contradict the Bible Inquisition In 1633, the Inquisition summoned Galileo to Rome, where it ordered him to renounce his belief. Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition by Cristiano Banti, 1857 Index of Forbidden Books Galileo was convicted of "grave suspicion of heresy" based on the book, which was then placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, from which it was not removed until 1835

How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought?

Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

What the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution? Renaissance/Reformation People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world New instruments emerged Scientific Method

Scientific Revolution: Scientific Revolution: 1500s people began to question traditional opinions and began to observe and experiment for themselves. Scientist had access to newly invented instruments: barometer, microscope, thermometer, air pump, telescope scientific method Used scientific method to verify the results of an experiment Scientific method: method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments Scientific method: method of inquiry that includes carefully conducted experiments and mathematical calculations to verify the results of experiments

How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought?

Ptolemy Ptolemy’s theory that the Earth was the center of the universe and other planets and the Sun moved around it: Geocentric theory Geocentric theory On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres Copernicus published a book titled On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres in which he explained his theory heliocentric theory heliocentric theory

Johannes Kepler: Used mathematics to test the heliocentric theory of Copernicus ellipses Discovered the orbits of the planets were not exact circles, they were ovals called ellipses Galileo Galilei telescope Used a telescope and provided concrete evidence that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World. Published findings in 1632 in Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World.

Use the picture above to answer the following questions Identify the scientists who are responsible for the 3 models of the solar systems. (Write the name next to the number (1,2,3)) 4. Based on the above illustrations, how were the three models of the solar system different?

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy combined and related the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. law of motion universal gravitation Book contained his law of motion and universal gravitation, which explained the movements of objects on the Earth as well as of the planets.

Newton's First Law of Motion: An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in a straight line, unless acted on by an outside force. Also, an object at rest will stay at rest. The word for this is inertia. Newton's Second Law of Motion: Force will cause a change in the motion of an object. The change in motion depends on the amount of force and the mass of the object. There is a formula for this F=ma (force equals mass times acceleration). Newton's Third Law of Motion: For each action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Issac Newton: Published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo It combined and related the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.

Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

Pioneered the study of anatomy. On the Fabric of the Human Body Published On the Fabric of the Human Body Helped people gain a visual understanding of the body and how it worked

Described the circulation of the blood through veins and arteries, the working of the heart, and the function of the blood vessels.

orders New “orders” help spread knowledge of the development of the Scientific Revolution Accademia dei Lincei in Rome Royal Society in London French Academy of Science in Paris Louis XIV King Charles II Federico Cesi

In Discourse of Method French philosopher and scientist who wrote In Discourse of Method argued that everything had to be proved, except basic ideas that were true beyond doubt i.e.. he could think and that proved his existence argued that everything had to be proved, except basic ideas that were true beyond doubt i.e.. he could think and that proved his existence “I think, therefore I am” “I think, therefore I am” "Father of Modern Philosophy“ Inventor of deductive reasoning: All thought follows a clear orderly progression

Researcher works from the more general information to the more specific An example of a deductive argument: 1. All men are mortal. 2. Aristotle is a man. 3. Therefore, Aristotle is mortal. 1. states that all objects classified as "men" have the attribute "mortal". 2. states that "Aristotle" is classified as a "man" – a member of the set "men". Conclusion :"Aristotle" must be "mortal" because he inherits this attribute from his classification as a "man".

English philosopher believed that only through observation and repeated experiments could theories be built. English philosopher believed that only through observation and repeated experiments could theories be built. Relied on truths that could demonstrate physically rather than thru deductive thinking or reasoning Relied on truths that could demonstrate physically rather than thru deductive thinking or reasoning Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Published in Novum Organum (1620) Published in Novum Organum (1620) Scientific Method Scientific Method

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (LIP-nits) Developed calculus in 1675 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook) Used microscope to discover bacteria (1670s) Single-lens microscope from the ~1670s in which two screws allowed the distance from the lens and the up-and-down movement of the specimen to be adjusted.

Robert Boyle Helped pioneer the modern science of chemistry (1662) (Boyle’s Law amount of space gas takes up (in a room, tank, or balloon, for example) decreases as pressure is applied.) Joseph Priestley Discovered the element of oxygen in 1774

Antoine Lavoisier (luhv-WAHZ-ee-ay) Proved that matter can change form, but it can neither be destroyed nor created Law of Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Matter Showed that fire resulted when a substance rapidly combined with oxygen Steam mixes with air and becomes invisible

Renaissance/Reformation People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world New instruments emerged Scientific Method

Describe some of the important scientific discoveries of this period Described the circulatory system Described the circulatory system Helped pioneer the modern science of chemistry Helped pioneer the modern science of chemistry Discovered the element of oxygen in 1774 Discovered the element of oxygen in 1774 Developed calculus Developed calculus Used microscope to discover bacteria Used microscope to discover bacteria Law of Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Matter Robert Boyle Joseph Priestley Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (LYP-nits) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (LAY-ven-hook) Antoine Lavoisier (luhv-WAHZ-ee-ay) William Harvey

Describe some of the important philosophers of this period Believed that only through observation and repeated experiments could theories be built. Believed that only through observation and repeated experiments could theories be built. Argued that everything had to be proved, except basic ideas that were true beyond doubt i.e.. he could think and that proved his existence Argued that everything had to be proved, except basic ideas that were true beyond doubt i.e.. he could think and that proved his existence Francis Bacon Rene Descartes (day-KAHRT) “I think, therefore I am”

Number you paper 1-3 Answer the following questions. Do not talk or share your answers during this time. You will have three minutes

Use the picture above to answer the following questions Identify the scientists who are responsible for the 3 models of the solar systems. (Write the name next to the number (1,2,3)) 4. Based on the above illustrations, how were the three models of the solar system different?

Scientific Revolution NamePeriod # Information Front Back

1. Scientific Revolution 2. Scientific Method 3. Heliocentric Theory 4. Geocentric Theory 5. Five Factors that Contributed to the Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution NamePeriod # Information

6. Ptolemy 7. Nicolaus Copernicus 8. On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres 9. Problem with Copernicus’ theory 10. Johannes Kepler 11. Three Laws of Planetary Motion 12. Problem with Kepler’s theory 13. Galileo Galilei 14. Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World 15. Andreas Vesalius 16. On the Fabric of the Human Body 17. William Harvey 18. Isaac Newton 19. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 20. Rene Descartes 21. Discourse on Method 22. “I think, therefore I am” 23. Deductive reasoning 24. Francis Bacon (Scientific Method) 25. Novum Organum 26. Inductive reasoning 27. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 28. Anton van Leeuvenhoek 29. Robert Boyle 30. Joseph Priestley 31. Antoine Lavoisier

Take out your Flash Cards and be prepared to use them to complete a worksheet.

ScientistYearDiscoveryExplanation of Discovery Problems/Importance of Discovery/Name of Book (if any) PtolemyAbout A.D. 100 Put forth the Geocentric theory Said that the earth was the center of the universe Nicholaus Copernicus Early 1500s Developed the Heliocentric theory Johannes Kepler

1. Nicolaus Copernicus 2. Johannes Kepler 3. Galileo Galilei 4. Andreas Vesalius 5. William Harvey 6. Rene Descarte 7 Francis Bacon 8. Isaac Newton 9. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 10. Anton van Leeuvenhoek 11. Robert Boyle 12. Joseph Priestley 13. Antoine Lavoisier

Take everything off the desk except a piece of paper

Identify the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional thought Identify the accomplishments of Isaac Newton and who’s works did he use to achieve them Identify some of the important scientist of the period and their discoveries.

Renaissance/Reformation People were no longer content to explain the world in terms of religious thought, magic or ideas of ancient writers Use of experiments and mathematics to answer question about the natural world New instruments emerged Scientific Method

Define the following words: Astronomy Chemistry Anatomy