Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

Cognitive Domain

Learning Chapter

Classical Conditioning Module 19

Experiencing Classical Conditioning Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Learning A relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience

Classical Conditioning Type of learning where a stimulus has the power or gains the power to elicit a response The stimulus may be paired with another stimulus that already produces that response Form of learning by association

Stimulus-Response Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to Response – any behavior or action

Stimulus-Response Relationship

Components of Classical Conditioning Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically

Unconditioned Response (UR) Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus The relationship between the US and UR must be reflexive and not learned

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Previously neutral stimulus that, through pairing and association, gains the power to elicit a response The CS must be a neutral stimulus for that response before conditioning occurs

Conditioned Response Response to the conditioned stimulus Usually the same behavior as the UR

Classical Conditioning Processes: Acquisition Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Acquisition Process of developing a conditioned response The subject acquires a new response to a previously neutral stimulus (NS) The NS becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) able to elicit a Conditioned Response (CR) independently

Acquisition

Classical Conditioning Processes: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Extinction Diminishing of a conditioned response In classical conditioning, the continual presentation of the CS without pairing it with the US The CS loses its ability to elicit any response

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery The return of an extinguished classically conditioned response after a rest period Before the CS loses its power to elicit a CR, an extinction burst may occur before the CS becomes just a NS again

Spontaneous Recovery

Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov ( ) Learning theorist famous for discovery of classical conditioning

Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

Pavlov’s Research Apparatus

Ivan Pavlov Play “Chapter 37: Pavolov-Classical Conditioning” (1:29)

Pavlov’s Experiment

Generalization and Discrimination Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Generalization Producing the same response to two similar stimuli The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response

Generalization

Discrimination Producing different responses to two stimuli The subject learns that one stimuli elicits the UR and the other does not, even though both stimuli may be very similar

John Watson and the Classical Conditioning of Emotions Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Behaviorism View that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes Founded by John Watson

Little Albert 11-month-old infant Watson and Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats Led to questions about experimental ethics

Little Albert--Before Conditioning Play “John Watson – Little Albert” (2:36)

Little Albert – Before Conditioning

Little Albert – During Conditioning

Little Albert – After Conditioning

Little Albert - Generalization

Cognition and Biological Predispositions Module 19: Classical Conditioning

Cognition Mental processes What effect does cognition have on learning?

Robert Rescorla (1940- ) Developed a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Developed theory with Allan Wagner Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the CS was a reliable predictor of the UCS

Taste Aversion Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea. John Garcia ( ) Play “Chapter 42: Garcia- Conditioned Aversion” (1:30)

The End