Human Population Growth 10/27/08 Homework: pg 241 #6-8, 10 Quiz on Friday (populations)

Death Rates Human population growth surges are mainly due to a decline in the death rate, not an increase in the birth rate The life expectancy is the average number of years that an individual in a particular age group is likely to continue to live

Factors affecting death rates Infant mortality rate (the number of babies out of every 1000 born who dies before their first birthday) Infant deaths per 1,000 live births <10 <10-35 <36-70 < <100+ Data not available

Good and Bad news about death rates Between 1955 and 2006, the global life expectancy has risen from 48 to 67 years (77 in developed countries and 65 in developing) In the world’s poorest countries, life expectancy is 49 years or less, and is expected to fall further Between 1965 and 2006, the world’s infant mortality rate dropped from 10 to 6.3 in developed countries and 118 to 59 in developing At least 7.6 million infants die of preventable causes

US infant mortality rate Our rate has declined from 165 in 1900 to 6.7 in countries have lower rates than the US Singapore has the lowest rate Inadequate health care for poor women during pregnancy and for their babies after birth, drug addiction among pregnant women, and a high birth rate among teenagers cause our high infant mortality rate

The Demographic Transition Many countries experience similar patterns of birth rates and TFR’s In countries with good sanitation, good health care, and reliable food-supplies, people are living longer The demographic transition is a model of economic and cultural change that explains the declining in death rates and birthrates that occurred in Western nations as they became industrialized

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate Time

The Demographic Transition Pre-industrial stage—conditions that have defined most of human history Death and birth rates are high Widespread disease and unreliable food supply High birth rates to compensate for high infant mortality and child labor force

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate Time

The Demographic Transition Transitional stage—industrialization begins and lowers death rates Increased food production and improved medical care High birth rates and population surges

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate Time

The Demographic Transition Industrial stage—opportunities for employment for women and children are not as needed in the work force Birth rates fall and population growth decreases

The Demographic Transition Post-industrial stage—birth and death rates have fallen to low and stable levels Population size stabilizes or declines slightly

Factors that affect population growth Migration Reducing birth rates Family planning Women’s empowerment Poverty—poorer societies have high population growth rates than do wealthier societies Economic rewards and penalties

Cutting Population Growth Family Planning Reduce poverty Elevate the status of women

Practice Question If the birthrate and deathrate for a population is equal but the emigration is more than the immigration, which of the following is likely to occur? 1. Population remains stable 2. Population increases rapidly 3. Population increases slowly 4. Population fluctuates randomly 5. Population decreases

Practice Question Which of the following best explains the high birth rate in the transitional stage in contrast to the rapidly declining death rate? 1. The average age of marriage increasing 2. Nations becoming more developed and industrialized 3. Increases in many areas including technological and medical innovations 4. Hard to change social values that place value on having many children 5. Increase in educational and employment opportunities for women