1 st International Conference of the Linguistic Association of Pakistan Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore. October 7 — 9, 2015

Abstract  The study explored certain factors influencing the language teaching effectiveness at secondary level. A sample of five hundreds teachers from one hundred (randomly selected) high schools of the Punjab province participated in the study. The researcher developed a questionnaire to measure the determinants and language teaching effectiveness. The collected data was entered into SPSS for data analysis. Data Analysis was made using stepwise and multiple regressions to see the individual and joint contributions of the predictors/determinants on the language teaching. The findings revealed that grammar & composition is the strongest determinant of language teaching followed by culture, medium of instruction, syllabus and exercise in writing & speaking. The joint contribution of all the five determinants was 65 percent to the variance in language teaching. Some potent recommendations were made on the basis of findings.

Introduction Education is the name of teaching-learning process. It is an interesting as well as difficult process at the same time. Language is used to communicate our sentiments with due interest and pleasure. If the words used in speaking or writing are enriched with good vocabulary, grammar & composition, then it can excite the listeners/readers to the desired extent. To achieve the language effectiveness, the words must be composed considering the syllabus and culture so the reader is interested to get into the essay with utmost pleasure. The teacher is a key person in a school climate to get their students trained in reading, writing and speaking at secondary level.

Research Questions The main question was ‘how well certain predictors contribute to the language teaching effectiveness? In satisfying our research mind, the following research questions were raised to be answered:  What is the individual contribution of the predictors to the language teaching effectiveness at secondary level?  What is the joint contribution of all the FIVE determinants to the variance in language teaching effectiveness?

Sample and Population of the study The target population of the study was all the teachers working in government high schools of the Punjab. A sample of five hundreds teachers of the one hundred schools participated in the study. Research Instrument The researcher developed a questionnaire to measure the predictors/determinants and the language teaching effectiveness of secondary school teachers. Data Analysis The collected data was entered into SPSS for regression analysis to answer the research questions.

Results Table 1. Individual contribution of ‘Culture’ to language teaching effectiveness Table 2. Individual contribution of ‘ Syllabus’ R R²Adjusted R Square Standard Error of the Estimate R R²Adjusted R Square Standard Error of the Estimate

Table 3. Individual contribution of ‘Medium of Instruction’ to the language teaching effectiveness Table 4. Individual contribution of ‘ Grammar & Composition’ to the teaching effectiveness R R²Adjusted R Square Standard Error of the Estimate R R²Adjusted R Square Standard Error of the Estimate

Table 5. Individual contribution of ‘Exercise in Writing & Speaking ’ Tables 1 to 5 clearly show the all the selected factors well determine the language teaching effectiveness with significant predictive powers. Culture, Syllabus, Medium of Instruction, Grammar & Composition and Exercise in Writing & Speaking contributed 30 %, 16 %, 27%, 32% and 12% respectively to the variance in teaching effectiveness. Grammar & Composition was found the strongest determinant (R²=.320) of language teaching followed by culture, medium of instruction, syllabus and exercise in writing & speaking. R R²Adjusted R Square Standard Error of the Estimate

(ii) Multiple Regression Analysis of the FIVE predictors with the language teaching effectiveness Table 6. Joint contribution (cumulative effect of the all variables on the dependent variable) R R²Adjusted R Square Standard Error of the Estimate Table 6 shows the joint influence of the all the FIVE factors was 65 percent to the variance in the teaching effectiveness. It may be seen easily these results that there are more predictors of language teaching effectiveness need to be investigated in next studies on the same lines.

Conclusions Taken together the results of study, following conclusions were made: All the selected factors well determine the language teaching effectiveness of high school teachers. Grammar & Composition is the strongest determinant of language teaching followed by culture, medium of instruction, syllabus and exercise in writing & speaking. The teachers should uphold these determinants to make their teaching more effective in this regard.

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