Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. India and Pakistan Early Societies in South Asia 1
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early and Paleolithic Cultures Ancestors of the human species Homo erectus (“Java Man” and “Peking Man”) Used stone tools By 1.7 mya Homo sapiens ca. 70, 000 in India Early culture Use of fire and weapons Creation of cave paintings © 2014, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Neolithic Revolution ca. 10, 000 b.c.e in India Elements of civilization Permanent settlements (cities), increase in population, accumulation of surpluses, writing, and specialization Early cradles of civilization Southwest Asia in the Tigris-Euphrates region of Mesopotamia, Indus River, Sarasvati Large-scale agriculture generally based on grain Domestication of animals by 10, 000 © 2014, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Societies in India 4
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Foundations of Harappan – MohenjoDaro Society in India/Pakistan The Indus River Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges Major society built by indigenous Dravidian peoples, BCE Cultivation of cotton before 5000 BCE, early cultivation of poultry Decline after 1900 BCE Major cities: Harrapa (Punjab region and Mohenjo-Daro (mouth of Indus River) 70 smaller sites excavated (total 1,500) 5
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mohenjo-Daro Ruins Population c. 40,000 Regional center Layout, architecture suggests public purpose Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage Standardized weights evident throughout region Specialized labor Trade 6
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women Harappan Civilization: matriarchal? Influence on later Indian culture – Goddess worship Goddesses of fertility 12
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Gender Matriarchal? Female Goddess Shiva – phallic symbols Lingum and Yoni 13
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mysterious End of Harappan Civilization Reasons for disappearance unclear Excessive deforestation, loss of topsoil Earthquakes? Flooding? Evidence of unburied dead Disappearance of major cities by 1500 BCE 15
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Aryans Aryans, lighter-skinned migratory people from the north Indo-Europeans Dravidians, darker-skinned sedentary inhabitants of Harappa Color Bias Socio-Economic Implications 16
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Early Aryans Pastoral economy: sheep, goats, horses, cattle Vegetarianism not widespread until many centuries later Religious and Literary works: The Vedas Sanskrit: sacred tongue Prakrit: everyday language, evolved into Hindi, Urdu, Bengali 17
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Varna: The Caste System Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidians Brahmin, Priest Kshatriya, Warrior Vaishya, Merchant Sudra, Commoner Harijan: “Untouchables; Pariahs” Jati subsystem of castes Related to urbanization, increasing social and economic complexity 18
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Patriarchy in Ancient Indian Society “rule of the father” Enforced in the The Lawbook of Manu Overwhelmed Harappan matriarchy? Caste, Jati, inheritance through male line 20
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women in Aryan Groups Women not allowed to read sacred texts Child Marriage Infanticide Honor/Shame Virginity
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Aryan Religion Four Vedas, most important Rig Veda 1,028 hymns to gods Elaborate & costly ritual sacrifices to gods Role of Brahmins important 23
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Theology Gods created the universe - polytheism Purusa dismembered and formed the cosmos & society
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Worship of the Krishna: Hari Krishna Krishna the source of all avatars of God Supreme personality of the Godhead Radha Krishna’s divine consort – represents love Individual soul is an eternal personal identity
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Upanishads Texts that represent blending of Aryan and Dravidian traditions Composed BCE, some later collections until 13 th century CE Means “sittings near a teacher” The Shruti of the sacred Hindu literature The smriti of tradition/gurus 34
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Monism: Upanishads The trend toward monism Brahman Brahman and He-She/It Manifest and Unmanifest Brahman Atman Maya Gurus
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Brahmanism, Caste, and Ceremonial Life Appearance of Reincarnation and Karma in Indian thought Samsara Birth—death—rebirth—redeath Imperishable atman Transmigration of the soul from life form to life form Karma Thoughts, words, and deeds have an ethical consequence Karma is the cause of what is happening in one’s life now Moksha - release
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Religions of Salvation in Classical India Social change generated resentment of caste privilige e.g. Brahmins free from taxation 6 th -5 th c. BCE new religions and philosophies challenge status quo – reform in Hinduism 37
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Changes in Brahmanism: Reform Reforms = recognition of different human needs/paths to moksha The Four Goals Kama Artha Dharma Moksha
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Recognition of Life stages when different desires rule 4 Stages of Life The student The householder The hermit The Sannyasin
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Four Marga (Ways) to reach Moksha Karma Yoga – all action selfless and dedicated to God Jnana Yoga: research, study, seclusion in order to free one of attachment Raja Yoga: later actual yoga practice, mediation, Bhakti Yoga- devotion 40
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Bhakti Yoga The Way of Devotion Song, dance, love is the way
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Emergence of the Triad The Triad of Gods of Highest Import for Bhakti by 500 b.c.e. Brahmā Shiva Goddess power Devi Durga Kali Tantric shaktism Vishnu
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Devotional Life of the Common People Village observances Not monotheist – Henotheist or polytheist Each person worships as the need arises Priest or family member conducts rituals for the family Local priests conduct a puja on behalf of the community
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Devotional Life The Holiness of Brahmins Gurus Religious education Traditionally a male role Other “holy ones” Sadhu Aghori
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Food In Ancient period, eggs were not desirable Carnivorous animals not eaten and after 1200 b.c.e cow sacred animal – Hindus do not eat beef Cow is the Mother 54
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Banned foods for Brahmin 54 items banned from Brahmin kitchens: onions, garlic, mushrooms, stimulants, alcohol, eggs 55