The Nanjing Decade: HI 168: Lecture 8 Dr. Howard Chiang

OVERVIEW -Nanjing Government -Jinggangshan -Jiangxi Soviet -Japan in Manchuria, Encirclement & Suppression Campaigns -Long March (of 25,000 Li) -Xi’an Incident

NANJING GOVERNMENT -Nanjing Government vs. Wuhan Administration of Wang Jingwei -Chiang married Song Meiling (Madame Chiang) in December Beijing  Beiping [northern peace] -Zhang Xueliang - warlord of Manchuria -Organic Law of the National Government of the Republic of China -Organic Law of the Five Yuan

Wang Jingwei

Song Meiling BBC ‘Extraordinary Women’ Series: videoforlearning.com /1/TitleDetails.aspx?T itleID= videoforlearning.com /1/TitleDetails.aspx?T itleID= videoforlearning.com /1/TitleDetails.aspx?T itleID=25240

Chiang Kai- shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Madame Chiang at Cairo Conference (1943)

JINGGANGSHAN -Nanchang Rising (1927) led by Ye Ting, He Long, and other CCP members -Workers’ and Peasants’ Army -In autumn 1927, Mao’s army retreated from Hunan to Jinggangshan (on the borders of Hunan and Jiangxi) -The focus of the rural activities of CCP -CCP leaders (Zhu De and Chen Yi) joined forces with Mao in April Retaken by GMD in January 1929

Jinggangshan ( 井岡山 )

Jiangxi

Jiangxi Soviet in Ruijin Mao’s bedroom ‘Great Hall of the Provisional Central Government of the Soviet Republic of China’ – woodland auditorium that seats up to 2000

Flag of Jiangxi Soviet

JIANGXI SOVIET -Ruijin: November 1931 to October Subservient position of women in Chinese (rural) society - Regulations on Marriage (Dec 1931) -Inequalities in the ownership of the land - mimic the anti-kulak policies of the Soviet Union: replace kulaks with rich peasants -Land Investigation Movement:

JAPAN IN MANCHURIA: Since the Twenty-One Demands of Tens of thousands of Japanese troops died in Manchuria during Russo-Jap War -Sept 1931: a bomb exploded on the track of the Southern Manchurian Railway -Japanese Guandong Army -Manzhouguo/Manchukuo: (Puyi) -Condemned by the League of Nations -Controlled east. part of Inner Mongolia

Pu Yi

ENCIRCLEMENT & SUPPRESSION CAMPAIGNS -GMD launched a series of military expeditions against the Jiangxi Soviet -1. December 1930: Huangpi failed -2. June 1931: Jiangxi-Fujian border failed -3. July 1931: Nanchang failed -4. June 1932-Mar 1933: failed -5. October 1933-October 1934: Chiang committee far greater forces to it than had been deployed in previous ones

LONG MARCH OF 25,000 LI -1 Li = 500 meters -1. Guizhou (Oct 1934-Jan 1935) -2. Sichuan (Jan 1935) -3. Shaanxi (Aug-Oct 1935) -4. rest rejoined (Oct Oct 1936) -Significance: - away from Japan - Party meetings (Edgar Snow)

Zhang Guotao

XI’AN INCIDENT: DEC Chiang planning a 6 th extermination campaign – opposed by Zhang Xueliang (warlord of Manchuria) and Yang Hucheng (warlord of Shaanxi) -Dec. 9, 1936: 10,000 students marched -Dec. 12: Zhang and Yang held Chiang and a group of his senior advisors hostage for a week – eight demands -Zhou Enlai – main liaison btwn 2 parties -Second United Front:

Zhang Xueliang

Zhou Enlai