Homework Castle Learning #5 (sections 7 and 8 in the yellow packet) due Thursday at 11:59 pm. Extra credit thematic essay due Friday.

Middle East Regents Review June 1, 2016

Byzantine Empire (500s-1400s) – Eastern ½ of Roman Empire survived in modern Turkey, spread Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the cyrillic alphabet to Russia – Capital was Constantinople, great location for trade, founded by Constantine, (1 st Christian Emperor) – Emperor Justinian codified (wrote down) laws, influenced modern European laws (Justinian’s Code) – Preserved Greek and Roman architecture, art, literature, philosophy, and law codes – Destroyed by Islamic Ottoman Turkish Empire

Crusades (11 th – 13 th centuries) – Europeans sought to regain “Holy Land” of Jerusalem – Bloody wars fought, Europeans only temporarily hold Jerusalem, Saladin forced them out – Increase in trade between Europe and Mid East, led to commercial revolution and the Renaissance, encouraged voyage of Columbus to seek faster sea route to Asia. – Greek and Roman learning/books/art return to Europe – contributes to Renaissance – Wealth from trade led to increased power of kings and weakened power of lords, weakened feudalism

Ottoman Empire Islamic Empire which destroyed the Byzantine Empire (Constantinople became Istanbul). Greatest leader: Suleiman the Lawgiver (or the Magnificent, ruled ). – Absolute ruler (just like Louis XIV and Peter the Great in Europe), ruled by divine right. – Established political and social stability in the empire: created a law code to handle both criminal and civil actions, simplified the system of taxation and reduced government bureaucracy. – Promoted art, literature and architecture (golden age of Islam). – Conquered a huge amount of land.

Ottoman Empire By the late 19 th century, the Ottoman Empire was the “sick man of Europe” (it was made up of many ethnic groups who wanted independence). During WWI Armenian Christians suffered genocide Broken up by Britain and France after WWI, became Turkey –secular republic under Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) who modernized and westernized his country (like Peter the Great in Russia). Britain and France controlled the regions of Syria, Jordan, and Iraq– random borders – ethnic tensions