Classification Taxonomy Systematics Cladistics

How was Life Classified? Before 1969, life was classified into 2 Kingdoms: PlantPlant Kingdom AnimalAnimal Kingdom From , life was classified into 5 Kingdoms: MoneraMonera ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

3 Domains of Life Proposed by: Carl Woese, 1990

Domain: ARCHAEA

Characteristics PRIMITIVE PRIMITIVE FORMS OF LIFE Habitat Habitat very extreme conditions 1. Methanogens 2. Extreme Halophiles 3. Extreme Thermophiles

Domain: EUBACTERIA (Bacteria Monera)

Characteristics Characteristics: ProkaryotesProkaryotes Cell wallsCell walls HeterotrophsHeterotrophs ChemosytheticChemosythetic PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic Examples: parasitic bacteria parasitic bacteria saprophytes saprophytes cyanobacteria: autotrophs cyanobacteria: autotrophs chemosynthetic: bacteria use sulfur & nitrogen (nitrogen fixation) to get energy chemosynthetic: bacteria use sulfur & nitrogen (nitrogen fixation) to get energy

Bacteria Structure DNA molecule arranged as a circular chromosome DNA molecule arranged as a circular chromosome Cell wall prevents cell from bursting Cell wall prevents cell from bursting Capsule present usually causes disease (sticky) Capsule present usually causes disease (sticky) Plasmid- genetic material with a few genes Plasmid- genetic material with a few genes

Bacteria Reproduction Asexual- Binary Fission Asexual- Binary Fission Sexual- Conjugation Sexual- Conjugation

Unfortunately Some Diseases are Caused by Some Bacteria Strep Throat Strep Throat Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Tetanus Tetanus Lyme Disease Lyme Disease Dental cavities Dental cavities Cholera Cholera

Importance of Bacteria Nitrogen Nitrogen Fixation Recycling Recycling of nutrients through decomposition. FOODS FOODS (Swiss cheese, yogurt, pickles, vinegar, other types of cheese & sauerkraut) MEDICINES MEDICINES (antibiotics)

Overused Antiobiotics & Antibacterial Products Created Created “Super Bugs” doctors doctors over prescribe people people don’t take their full prescription too too many antibacterial products in the market not allowing the body’s immune system to develop antibodies (resistance) for the bacteria

Domain: Eukarya 4 Kingdoms of Eukaryotes! ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

Kingdom: Protista Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Uni/multicellular Uni/multicellular Protozoans- animal- like (all unicellular) Protozoans- animal- like (all unicellular) Algae- plant-like Algae- plant-like(uni/multicellular) Fungus-like (decompose dead organisms) Fungus-like (decompose dead organisms)

Kingdom Fungi: Mostly Mostly multicellular, however yeasts are unicellular Multicellular Multicellular organisms contain hyphae (threadlike filaments) Hyphae Hyphae are used to anchor the fungus, invade a food source & used as reproductive structures Chitin Chitin (carbohydrate) is the composition of their cell walls

Asexual Reproduction Budding & Fragmentation Budding & Fragmentation Spores Spores

Kingdom: Plantae *Almost 300,000 different species Vascular plantsVascular plants Nonvascular plantsNonvascular plants - lack a water-conducting system of tubular cells (called xylem) and do not have true roots, stems and leaves - have water-conducting cells (xylem tissue) and and they have true roots, stems & leaves

Nonvascular Plants Divides into one divisionDivides into one division Bryophyta mosses liverworts

Vascular Plants Divides into 9 divisionsDivides into 9 divisions

Kingdom: Animalia

Classification of Humans:

Carolus von Linnaeus ( ) Swedish scientist who laid foundation for modern taxonomy Carolus von Linnaeus Father of Classification Father of Classification Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature –Two-word naming system –Scientific name –Genus Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized –Species Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions. Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions. After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism. After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism. Example: 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2 b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3 2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4 b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5

Consider the following animals. They are all related, but each is a separate species. Use the dichotomous key below to determine the species of each. Consider the following animals. They are all related, but each is a separate species. Use the dichotomous key below to determine the species of each.

Using Dichotomous keys (taxonomic keys) 1.Has green colored body......go to 2 Has purple colored body..... go to 4 2. Has 4 legs.....go to 3 Has 8 legs Deerus octagis 3.Has a tail Deerus pestis Does not have a tail..... Deerus magnus 4.Has a pointy hump Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5.Has ears Deerus purplinis Does not have ears......Deerus deafus Answers: A. Deerus magnus B. Deerus pestis C. Deerus octagis D. Deerus purplinis E. Deerus deafus F. Deerus humpis *note that all of these organisms are in the same genus.