Paper 1 Historiography. Brezhnev Stephen White claims that Brezhnev used nepotism and the nomenklatura to full effect Moshe Lewin suggests that stagnation.

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Presentation transcript:

Paper 1 Historiography

Brezhnev Stephen White claims that Brezhnev used nepotism and the nomenklatura to full effect Moshe Lewin suggests that stagnation and corruption were hallmarks of the Brezhnev Era

Gorbachev Raymond Garthoff called Gorbachev a hero for his work with the West and ending the Cold War John Laver suggests the economy could not have been superficially reformed as Gorbachev would attempt; Dmitri Volkogonov agrees that Gorbachev was attempting to change a system that could not be changed David Marples believes he was a genuine reformer Catherine Merridale says Gorbachev did not have a coherent reform program, and that its scattered nature led to its failure

Eastern Europe Jonathan Kwitney highlights the role of Pope John Paul II in paving the way for the success of the Solidarity movement in Poland and then subsequent revolutions in Easter Europe Michael McGwire argues that Gorbachev and his supporters deliberately set events in motion that would lead to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe

Collapse of the Soviet Union Richard Pipes called the collapse “unexpected” Stephen Sestanovich was also surprised, claiming that the previous decade saw the height of Soviet military and diplomatic power Adam Ulam said that in 1985, no political unit has as much authority as the CPSU in the Soviet Union

Collapse of the Soviet Union Peter Schweitzer claims it was the United States’ SDI that pressured the USSR to collapse Mike Bowker said it was the Soviet desire to transform the economy that led to the decline Vladislav Zubok said there were changing generational values that led to the collapse, younger Soviets did not feel the same fears that had driven the state in previous years

China Maurice Meisner said that the Gang of Four was simply seeking power, and was not ideologically radical, just attempting to seize an opportunity Michael Lynch said that by 1978 it was clear that Deng Xiaoping was in control of the party, that he had completed the ‘Deng Revolution’ as his economic policies were in favor Maurice Meisner said that Deng always knew his de-centralization was for the purpose of creating better conditions for socialism, not capitalism Maurice Meisner said that political democracy was sacrificed in favor of successful capitalism Maurice Meisner recognizes the large gap between rich and poor which existed after Deng’s reform program