Biochemistry The study of chemistry of living things Organic compounds involve carbon Hydrocarbons contain C & H

What is involved in Biochemistry? Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids important biochemical elements:C, H, N, O

Some vocabulary to know! Monomers (small/single) molecules Polymers (large/combined) molecules “Train cars joined together make a long train, monomers combine together to make polymers in a similar fashion” The train analogy Macromolecules are giant molecules formed during polymerizaton (monomers combining to form polymers)

Macronutrients Nutrients needed in large quanitites. Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Fe are macronutrients

Micronutrients Nutrients needed in small quantities (too much or too little=BAD!!!) S, F-, I-, B, Se, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mg, Cr, V, Sr, Mb

Major nutrients needed for organisms to live Water (50-90% of most organisms is water) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins (vital minerals) Minerals Nucleic Acids

Metabolism Part 1 The process of building up or breaking down chemical compounds in an organism is metabolism Catabolic pathway-breaking down compounds, often to get energy, Often this is done by hydrolysis (using water to break down) Sometimes this is called oxidation because energy is lost in the process. LEO the lion goes GER

Metabolism Part 2 Anabolic pathway builds simpler molecules into larger, more complex molecules The usual process for this is DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS. In dehydration synthesis, water is removed when larger molecules are formed Sometimes this process is called reduction because electrons are formed/gained (LEO the lion goes GER)

Molecular formula - Symbols and subscripts showing what elements make up a molecule Ex. CO 2, H 2 O Structural Formula-shows the structure of a molecule (elements and relative amounts)

Carbohydrates Contain C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio Function to provide energy and some structure

Carbohydrates/monosaccharides Provide Quick energy Plants form them during photosynthesis Formula C 6 H 12 O 6 Isomers include Glucose, fructose, galactose

Carbohydrates/Disaccharides “Double sugars” Provide quick energy C 12 H 22 O 11 Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides Provide energy and some structure Very large molecules of many smaller molecules combined by dehydration synthesis Include Starch (plant energy storage) Glycogen (animal energy storage) Cellulose (plant structure) Chitin (animal structure)

Lipids Contain C, H, O in 1:2:few ratio High in energy Hydrophobic Fats & Oils

Fats Solid at room temp. Made of saturated fatty acids/many C-H bonds Come from animal fat Associated with cholesterol

Oils Made from unsaturated fatty acids/fewer C-H bonds Liquids at room temp. Not associated with cholesterol

Cholesterol Comes from Saturated fats Can clog veins/arteries like minerals can clog plumbing Can be controlled with medication and diet adjustment High cholesterol can lead to severe health problems

Proteins Proteins are polymers also called “polypeptides” Proteins are made of amino acid monomers About 20 different amino acids in living things 8 amino acids must be aquired (eaten) because they cannot be made by cells. These are the “essential amino acids” Amino acids are made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S. Amino acids bond together by a peptide bond (C-N)

Proteins Role Actin & Myosin form muscle tissue Collagen and Elastin form connective tissue Hemoglobin in RBC transport O2 and CO2 Antibodies fight infections Hormones regulate body chemistry Insulin-regulates glucose level in and out of cells Meltatonin-regulates amount of chemical that affects sleep Seratonin-regulates feeling of well being Calcitonin-regulates calcium uptake P-regulates metabolism

Chemical reaction review What are the reactants in a chemical reaction? What are the products in a chemical reaction? Some reactions are exothermic (give off ______) Some reactions are endothermic (absorb _____)

Catalysts & Enzymes A catalyst is something that will make it easier for a chemical reaction to occur. Enzymes act as “biological catalysts” by making it easier for essential chemical reactions in an organism to happen. Examples: Lactase makes it easier to digest milk by breaking lactose down into glucose and galactose Amylase breaks down starch

Lock and Key Analogy Each reaction has one specific enzymes that fits. (key) The reactants are called the “substrate” (lock) Like a key is inserted in a lock, an enzyme attaches to the substrate at the “active site”.

Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Store and transmit genetic information Discovered by Watson and Crick Contain C, H, O, N and P Uses 4 different nucleotides A (adenine) C (cytosine) G (Guanine) T (Thymine) Double helix

RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 4 nucleotides A (adenine) C (cytosine) G (Guanine) U (Uracil)