CHAPTER 29: THE GREAT WAR P.III

SECTION THREE: A GLOBAL CONFLICT

I. War Affects the World as war dragged on, main combatants looked beyond Europe for a way to end the stalemate

A. The Gallipoli Campaign Allies needed supply line to Russia Feb Gallipoli Campaign Britain, France, New Zealand, Australia made several attempts on Gallipoli Peninsula- turned into another bloody stalemate Allies gave up, evacuated in Dec 1915, lost 250,000 troops in unsuccessful campaign

B. Battles in Africa and Asia Allied troops attacked/conquered German colonial possessions in Africa and Asia England & France use resources from their colonial possessions to help their war effort resources included fighting troops, laborers, supplies

C. America Joins the Fight focus of war shifted to the sea Germans intensified submarine warfare in Atlantic Ocean Jan 1917, Germans announce they would sink any ship around Britain= unrestricted submarine warfare

May 7, German sub sank the Lusitania, a British passenger ship killed 1,198 ppl, including 128 Americans Germany claimed Lusitania was carrying ammunition from U.S. to Britain (which it was) and was therefore a war ship

Germany called off unrestricted submarine warfare- but returned to the policy in 1917 Ignoring warnings from US President, Woodrow Wilson, Germany sank 3 American ships Lusitania Video

Feb German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to Mexico, stating that Germany would help Mexico “re-conquer” land it had lost to USA if they joined Germany in war note intercepted by United States- Zimmerman note was “last straw” and Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany April 2, 1917 America sided w/ Allied Powers due to their close connection w/ England- spoke same language, shared similar democratic systems, and legal systems

II. War Affects the Home Front When U.S. joined, war had been raging for 3 years and had killed more Europeans than wars in previous 3 centuries combined

A. Governments Wage Total War Great War soon became a total war —countries devoted all resources to war effort Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, France, the entire force of gov’t was dedicated to winning the conflict Gov’ts told factories what to produce and how much Unemployment in many European countries all but disappeared

So many goods in short supply that gov’ts had to resort to rationing - ppl could buy only small amounts of items needed for war effort- everything from butter to shoe leather was rationed Gov’ts suppressed antiwar activity- censored news about the war Also used propaganda –one-sided information designed to persuade, to keep up morale and support for the war

Women and the War Total war meant that women could help- women replaced men at factories, offices, shops Women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals After the war many women left work force but it changed people's views of what women were capable of doing

C. Russia Withdraws 1917 civil unrest in Russia, due in large part to war related shortages of food and fuel, forced Czar Nicholas to step down temporary gov’t took control and pledged to keep fighting By 1917, nearly 5.5 million Russians wounded, killed, or taken prisoner- as a result the Russian army refused to fight

THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 8 months after the new gov’t took control a revolution shook Russia Nov1917, communist leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power Lenin insisted on ending Russia’s involvement in the war Lenin offered Germany a truce- March 1918, Germany and Russia signed Treaty of Brest- Litovsk - ending Russian involvement in the war

III. The Allies Win the War A. The Central Powers Collapse Russian truce allowed Germany to send nearly all its forces to Western Front Germany able to push their way to Marne River again but this left them tired Allies noticed and w/ help of 140,000 U.S. troops launched a counter attack

July 1918, Germans and Allies clashed at Second Battle of the Marne Allies slowly advance into Germany Bulgarians and Ottomans surrendered Oct revolution in Austria-Hungary and German soldiers refused to fight, public turned on the Kaiser Nov 19, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down from German throne

Germany declared itself a republic and sent a representative to meet w/ French Commander Marshal Foch in a railway car near Paris to sign an armistice - agreement to stop fighting November 11, 1918 The Great War ended

ASSIGNMENT Turn to page 857 Read the articles in “Views of War” Answer the Document Based Questions in your journal