World War I Chapter 8

Background Information ► Key Terms  Allied Powers  Central Powers

Long Range Causes ► Nationalism ► Imperialism  Scramble for Africa, 1881  Conquests in Asia ► Militarism ► Alliance System  Triple Entente ► Britain ► France ► Russia  Triple Alliance ► Germany ► Italy ► Austria-Hungary

Short Range Causes ► Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand  Heir to Austrian-Hungary Empire  Occurred in Sarajevo  June 28, 1914 ► Ultimatum ► Europe at War!  Alliance system  August 1914

What’s going on in the U.S.? ► Spanish American War, 1898 ► Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy  “Preparedness” ► Great White Fleet  “Righteousness” ► Apply morality to conflict ► Latin America

Wilson’s Foreign Policy ► Secretary of State = William Jennings Bryan ► Neutrality  Election of 1916 ► Economy new frontier ► Democracy  US is an example of democracy  Willing to intervene in other nations in order to achieve models of American democracy “When properly directed, there is no people in the world not fitted for self- government."

Debate over War ► War in Europe not involve Americans ► German’s use of U- boats ► Lusitania, 1915  British ship  1000 die  128 Americans die  Germany’s warning ► Sussex Pledge

Fight, but on what side? ► America a nation of immigrants ► Sympathy with Britain and France ► Fear of German power ► “Over There” ► Propaganda  Britain control news coming to US  stalemate Who is this family? Where are they from?? What values do they represent?

America should act…. ► Unrestricted Submarine Warfare ► Zimmerman Telegram  German Ambassador in Germany to Ambassador in Mexico  Give back to Mexico area lost to US

“Peace Without Victory” ► January 22, 1917 ► Wants war to end before get too damaging, and for both sides to reach amicable agreements ► Believes the United States, as a neutral nation, should set up ways for democracy in Europe ► Foreshadows ideas of Fourteen Points

Declaration of War! ► April 2, 1917  Pledge all material sources, but Allies need troops  Selective Service Act ► Nearly a unanimous decision for war April 6, 1917 ► “Make the world safe for democracy”

Russian Revolution ► Last Czar Nicholas II  Troubled times in Russia ► Japan  Loss of lives during war ► March 1917  Constitutional Democracy ► Bolshevik Revolution  November 1917  Vladimir Lenin ► Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  Signed between Russia and the Central Powers acknowledging Russia’s exit from the war

Mobilization ► Food ► Guns ► Ships ► Airplanes

Mobilization, continued ► War Industries Board  Bernard Baruch ► Food Administration  Herbert Hoover  “Meatless Mondays”  “Wheat less Wednesdays” ► Committee on Public Information George Creel ► Liberty Bonds

Europe at War before Americans entrance…. ► Germany’s Plan  Schlieffen Plan  Rapid Mobilization  Knock out West  Belgium Resistance

Trench Warfare ► After the Battle of the Marne, German troops decided to build trenches in order to maintain the land that they had ► French and British troops realized they could not break the trenches, so they built their own ► By the end of the war, each side had over 12,000 miles of trenches!

American Soldiers ► General John J. “Black Jack” Pershing ► American Expeditionary Forces/Doughboys ► “no man’s land” a waste of time ► Direct assaults on enemy territory

Weapons and Technology ► Machine Guns ► Gas ► Tanks ► Blimp ► Planes ► Convoy System

Battles ► First Battle of the Marne ► Chateau Thierry/ Belleau Wood ► Second Battle of the Marne

Armistice ► November 11, 1918  Eleventh Hour, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Month ► Germany had to  abandon territories  dismantle army ► French think too lenient  Want Germany to pay for war

League of Nations ► Wilson’s ideas for global security ► All the nations of the world would join together to ensure security and peace ► Article 10- an attack on one country would be an attack on all

Wilson’s 14 Points ► Self-determination of peoples ► Arms reduction ► Non-punishment ► Formation of the League of Nations ► Freedom of the Seas ► No secret treaties ► Free and open trade

Terms of Peace ► Big Four  Britain Lloyd George  France Georges Clemenceau  Italy Vittoriano Orlando  President Woodrow Wilson ► Treaty of Versailles  Germany accept war guilt/ responsibility  Pay allies reparations  League of Nations  Alsace Lorraine

American’s reaction to Wilson’s plan for peace ► Irreconcilables  Not want to commit the US to the league of nations  Doubt its effectiveness  Not want any part of treaty ► Reservationists  Henry Cabot Lodge  Guarantee Western dominance (Monroe Doctrine) ► Wilson’s Response  Went on a speaking tour; suffered a stroke  Want people to accept doctrine in its entirety or not at all! ► Result  May 20, 1920 Congress agreed to end the war without the Treaty of Versailles

Influenza ► Spring 1918, soldiers in the trenches began feeling ill ► Theories of origin ► Protection/Precaution ► 450,000 Americans died ► By the end of the epidemic, estimates that over 70 million people died

The Great Migration ► African Americans moved North to work in war industries  Chicago  Detroit  Philadelphia  Cleveland  New York ► Escape racial violence of the South