CELL DIFFERENTIATION

With cells: Structure determines function Different Cell Types With cells: Structure determines function Neuron Cell Paramecium RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS Elodea Cell Cheek Cells

Cell Specialization Cells differentiate because of DNA expression and gene activity. All cells contain the same DNA and the potential to become any type of cell However, differentiation can not be reversed All of our body cells have the same chromosomes and DNA

Genes are influenced by the cell’s environment The parts of DNA that are activated determine the function of specialized cells Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells Genes are influenced by the cell’s environment Ex. Chemical signals released by other cells Ex. Radiation and other mutagens

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. Embryonic cells that have not yet differentiated are called embryonic stem cells Stem cells found in organisms (ex. bone marrow) are called adult stem cells

Both types of stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells under the right lab conditions. Applications: Currently: stem cell transplant (bone marrow) for cancer Future: treatment of Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and other nervous system disorders Future: treatment of Type I diabetes in Children

Ethical Concerns of Research