SOC101Y Introduction to Sociology Professor Adam Green Lecture #11 Gender Inequality 9 Jan 13
GENDER INEQUALITY in the LABOUR MARKET Inequalities in the labour market can take a number of forms: 1. Disparities in wages by sex 2. Vertical occupational segregation 3. Horizontal occupational segregation
Ratio of Female to Male Earnings, by Marital Status, Canada, Never-married All Married Year Ratio of female to male earnings Note: At the rate of improvement, women’s earnings will equal men’s earnings in 2088.
2 Short Films 101y/brym/movies.html
THEORIES OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE LABOUR MARKET 1. OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION 2. HUMAN CAPITAL DIFFERENCES 3. SOCIAL CAPITAL DIFFERENCES 4. STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION/SEXISM
OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION 1. Internal Labour Markets / Short promotion ladders 2. Horizontal Occupational Segregation / Incomparable Worth
HUMAN CAPITAL A composite measure of a worker’s: a) Commitment to the job b) Educational attainment c) Job experience
PENALTIES TO HUMAN CAPITAL FOR WOMEN 1. Career disruptions owing to pregnancy 2. Child & elderly care 3. Domestic labour 4. Non-standard work
Percentage of Men and Women in Paid Labour Force Men Women Percentage Canada, Male-Female Difference, Rich Countries, 2008
Paid and Unpaid Work, Men and Women, yrs., Canada, 1985 and 2005 Hours per day Men’s paid up 12 mins/day Men’s unpaid up 24 mins/day Women’s paid up 66 mins/day Women’s unpaid down 30 mins/day Men’s total up 36 min/day Women’s total up 36 min/day
Public Spending on Family Benefits, 2005 (cash, services and family tax breaks as percent of GDP) Percent
Child Care in Canada, by Province, Percent of children between the ages of 0 and 12 for whom there is a regulated child care space Province (government child care spending per child in parentheses)
SHORT FILM: Statistical Discrimination udrEA
Women in National Parliaments, 2009, in percent (n=147) Women as percent of total Canada 22.1% USA 16.8% World 18.6%
Percent Function Women in Canadian Political Parties, 1992 (in percent)