The shrinking of the world in a social, cultural and economic sense. McGrew (1992) defines globalisation as “ a process where the events, decisions and activities of people in one part of the world has a significant impact upon people in a totally different part of the world”. Consider: – More efficient travel – The internet –

As societies become more interconnected, crime increases across national borders. There are new opportunities for crime, new means for committing crime and new offences, such as various cyber-crimes. What sort of crimes do you think this has increased or introduced?

The result of globalisation has been a massive growth in the following forms of crime: Arms trafficking Trafficking in nuclear materials Smuggling of illegal immigrants Trafficking in women and children Sex Tourism Trafficking in body parts Cyber-Crime Green Crimes International Terrorism Smuggling of illegal goods drug-trafficking-website-operated.html drug-trafficking-website-operated.html Trafficking in cultural artefacts artefacts-auschwitz-museum artefacts-auschwitz-museum The drugs trade - According to HMRC, alcohol duty fraud is damaging the legitimate UK alcohol industry resulting in losses of up to £1.2bn per annum to the UK taxpayer.! Money laundering laundering-centre-for-the-drug-trade-says-crime-expert html laundering-centre-for-the-drug-trade-says-crime-expert html

Globalisation- supply and demand Part of the reason for transnational crime is the economy of demand and supply. The rich west demands products eg. drugs, sex workers. The poor third world countries supply these services. For example in Columbia 20% of the population is dependent on the cocaine trade for their livelihood.

Globalisation has bought with it an increase in insecurities surrounding the movement of people such as asylum seekers, economic migrants etc. This in turn had led to increasing border patrols to protect countries from this perceived threat. Much of this is whipped up by media ‘moral panics’ about terrorists and ‘scroungers’, ‘flooding’ the country. This has also bought about attempts at international cooperation eg. The ‘wars’ on terror, drugs etc.

Taylor (1997) suggests that globalisation, by giving free rein to capitalism has led to greater inequality and thus to increased crime. This works on the level of transnational companies who switch production to low wage countries with little thought for health and safety etc. These countries have difficulty controlling there own economies.

Also individualism created by marketisation has led to people making decisions based on personal gain rather than community benefits or social cohesion. At the other end of the social scale the poor in developed countries experience more relative deprivation because of unemployment and turn to crime. For example L.A. drugs gangs.

Also Taylor points out that grand scale crime by elite groups is created by globalisation, such as banking fraud and insider trading. Ev (AO2) Taylor is good for linking global trends to changes in the patterns of crime but it doesn’t explain why some people don’t turn to crime!

Hobbs and Dunningham looked at the way local crime is organised and how this is linked to economic changes created by globalisation. Task: 1. Describe and evaluate Hobbs and Dunningham’s work ‘Glocal Organisation’ 2. Describe and evaluate Glenny’s work on ‘McMafia’ (p )

Globalisation and crime in contemporary society

Traditional criminology has focuses on ‘crime’ as being defined as things which break laws, yet a lot of ‘harm’ does not break laws. Should we study this? Zemiology – the study of ‘harm’ White (2008) Anthropocentric view assumes humans have right to dominate nature so economic growth is more important than the environment. Ecocentric view sees humans and environment as interdependent – what harms the environment, harms humans. Examples of ‘harm’  Primary environmental crimes – pollution, deforestation, animal rights / endangerment  Civil rights abuses, e.g. Right to vote, to privacy, to a fair trail or to education Examples of ‘harm’  Primary environmental crimes – pollution, deforestation, animal rights / endangerment  Civil rights abuses, e.g. Right to vote, to privacy, to a fair trail or to education Evaluation: What counts as harm? Making this judgment involves making moral or political statements about actions which are difficult to establish objectively!

Mark Thomas on Coca-Cola, Dispatches (2007) Notes - What examples of corporate, global or green crime are being shown?

Green crime is increasingly seen as a form of global crime for two reasons REASON 1 The planet is a single ecosystem in which humans being,other species and the enviroment are interconnected and interdependant. Harm done to other species or aspects of the enviroment such as air,water supplies, the ocean and the rainforest are seen as increasingly impacting negatively on on the quality and future of humanlife where ever it is in the world.

Reason 2 –why green crime is linked to globalisation Green crime is carried out by powerful interests, particularly transnational corporations such as oil and chemical companies working with the co-operation of nation states and local wealthy elites

Manufactured Risks -Beck Many of the threats to our ecosystem cames from manufactured risks and this is a result of massive demand for consumer goods and technology which has an effect on us(humanity) but on our enviroment to. For example greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to global warming and climate change. We live in societies threatened by global risks

Policing Green crime - Difficulty in policing Green crime 1.Very few local or international laws governing the state of the enviroment. International laws difficult to construct because not all countries agree to sign up to global agreements. For examples USA & China reluctant to agree to meet international targets to reduce carbon emissions. 2.Laws that exist are shaped by powerful capitalists interests, esp global ‘big business’. Gov in developing countries to question and take action against transnational corporations because they are dependant on them for their income. Laws that do exist to protect enviroment is often weak

Green crime should be defined as ‘any action that harms the physical enviroment and any creatures that live within it, even if no law has technically been broken’ Current laws are inconsistent as they often different across countries and biased as they are influenced by businesses who have vested interest in harming the enviorment for their own gain because the business require that

Traditional criminology has focuses on ‘crime’ as being defined as things which break laws, yet a lot of ‘harm’ does not break laws. Should we study this? Zemiology – the study of ‘harm’ White (2008) Anthropocentric view assumes humans have right to dominate nature so economic growth is more important than the environment. Ecocentric view sees humans and environment as interdependent – what harms the environment, harms humans. argues that this capitalist ideology is responsible for a great deal of environmental harm Examples of ‘harm’  Primary environmental crimes – pollution, deforestation, animal rights / endangerment  Civil rights abuses, e.g. Right to vote, to privacy, to a fair trail or to education Examples of ‘harm’  Primary environmental crimes – pollution, deforestation, animal rights / endangerment  Civil rights abuses, e.g. Right to vote, to privacy, to a fair trail or to education Evaluation: What counts as harm? Making this judgment involves making moral or political statements about actions which are difficult to establish objectively!

Key study : Nigel South –classifying Green crime Primary crime Direct result of the destruction and degradation of the planets resources Crimes of air pollution – industrial carbon and greenhouse gas emissions Crimes of deforestation-illegal logging (you can further study this in the handout povided ) Crimes of species decline and animal rights Crimes of fresh water abd marine pollution such as iol spillages Secondary crime Crimes that are a result of flouting existing laws and regulations Dumping toxic waste-esp developing world Breach of health and safety rules causing disaster such as Bhopal disaster Offloading products such as pharmaceuticals onto third world,after they have been banned on safety grounds in the west

A02- Evaluation of Green Criminology Green criminology recognises the growing importance of enviromental issues and manufactured global risks It recognises the interdependence of humans,other species and the enviroment However its focus on harm rather than criminality means green criminology is often accused of being engaged with subjective intrepetation rather than objective scientific analysis and is therefore biased.

Globalisation and crime in cotemporary society

Defintion of state crime & examples Illegal activties carried out by the agents of the state such as armed services, the secret services,civil servants,the police and prision services on behalf of the government and political leaders in the name of state interests. Genocide,ethnic cleansing, use of torture,assasination of political opponents,supporting terrorists activities against elected governments and invading less powerful states.

Eugene McLaughlin Censorship of the media and institutional racism as state crimes Herman Schweindinger definitions of state crimes should include also human rights crime,violating people’s right (human rights) should be defined illegal and therefore is criminal. However his definition is broad. He suggest is some groups are denied same opps as the majority of the population on the basis of racism,sexism and homphobia, or if they are economically exploited results in unequal conditions that are a results of crimes against human rights

Disagreement over what counts as state crimes 1.State crimes that are carried out by powerful people or groups who can define their activities as legitimate makes it difficult to measure the extent of state crime. 2.Gov have the power to cover up such activities and actually control the flow of information and esp the media by issuing legal instructions to prevent journalists on speaking about state crimes in the ‘public interest’

Continued The powerful can define what counts as crime on society. What is defined as crime or violence is an ideological construct. E.g gov can define killing done by a member of the public as a problem but this would not apply if it is done by a soldier. This is ideological relativity –gov can decide who is defined as terrorists or freedom fighter and what counts as war crimes. E.g Holocaust =war crime but dropping atom bomb in Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the West is seen as necessary. Contemporary debate – air strikes in Syria??

Continued: Cohen Cohen critical of Schwendinger that state crime should include violating human rights Genocide and torture are clearly crimes but economic exploitation is not clearly criminal but is morally unacceptable. There is not enough agreement over what makes up human rights. For example most people would accept that freedom should be a human right but not everyone would agree that freedom from poverty is a right Difficult to find out extent of state crime because of governments denial of their actions or justifying their actions to cover up their illegal acts. E.g national interest Those who carry out acts on behalf of gov do not see themsleves as criminal they use techniques of neutralization to deny or justify crimes. 1.deny their victims by labelling them as terrotists or extremists 2. They deny injury or damage by saying the other side started it 3. deny responsibility by saying they were simply following orders or doing their duty

Cohen criticises Schwendinger Immorality is being confused with criminality He is taking a high moral value position attempting to impose this view in the world of criminology Links to whether sociology should be objective or subjective Schwendinger is clearly in the other camp Task - Briefly describe how Cohen uses Matza’s ‘techniques of neutralisation’ to show how states justify their deviant behaviour (p134)

Kelman and Hamilton –’crimes of obedience’ Socialised into believing it is their duty to obey and that their behaviour is acceptable and necessary because enemies are animals and monsters to which normal rule of morality does not apply Critics of the concept of state crimes argue that the so called criminality of state crime is outweighed by the fact that the act was committed in the name of national interests E.g necessary to go beyond law in defeating terrorism so assasination and torture are ‘necessary evils

Stretch yourself….. HSBC Scandal 2015 – scandal-horrible-damage-reputation-chairman 10 most worst ecocides /top-10-ecocides 3 articles on Moodle – - Human Trafficking - What is Green Criminology? -Green Crime Human Rights Bhopal Disaster –