C Chapter 19

Bell Ringer Page 619 Interpreting Maps/ Page 620 Analyzing Visuals/ Page 622 Primary Source 1.In what part of Italy are all four major trading cities located? 2.Geographically, how do Genoa and Venice differ from the other two major trading cities? 3.What can you see in this illustration that shows the wealth of Florence? Northern part They are port cities Architecture, marketplace & trade, goods from Asia, bankers

Trade Again! When the Roman Empire in Europe & the Han Dynasty in China fell, there were no more soldiers to protect the Silk Road, therefore it declined. Mongol Empire 1200s – made it safe again. Marco Polo & his family traveled to China – lived there in Kublai Khan’s court for 20 years, returned to Italy & wrote about His travels Trade between Europe & Asia increased, organized by Italian merchants.

Florence 1300s: Florence, Italy stands out with great trade & wealth Wool trade; Banking Bankers kept money for merchants & earned money by making loans and charging interest. Medici Family: greatest of the Florence bankers 1400s. Medici Family had great political power and contributed to architecture in Florence and support of the arts. Cosimo de Medici built libraries and contributed to education

The Renaissance Renaissance: “rebirth” refers to the period that followed Europe’s Middle Ages. What was being reborn? Interest in art and literature, especially ancient Greek and Roman works. Appreciation for the individual was also developing. Middle ages inspired religious study. The Renaissance renewed interest in Science, History, Art, Poetry, Languages – The Humanities (study of human activities)

Essential Question 1.What political and economic changes led to the Renaissance? Big Idea: the growth of wealthy trading cities in Italy led to a rebirth of the arts and learning called the Renaissance.

Bell Ringer Page 622 – The Prince – Primary Source Do you think that Machiavelli gave good advice in this passage? Why or why not? Page 624 – Renaissance Art How are these two paintings similar and different? Both are pictures of “Mother & Child”. The picture on the left shows depth – more realistic The picture on the right is flat, no perspective, cartoonish.

Italian Artists & Writers 1300s: Scholars began to broaden their interests past just religion The study of the humanities led to a movement called humanism. This was linked to the discovery of ancient writings from the Byzantine Empire fleeing from the Turks – Classical Writings – Greeks They also found many Latin texts in monasteries. The ancient ruins and statues inspired painters and sculptors

Italian Writers Dante Alighieri: Wrote in Italian rather than Latin. The Divine Comedy. Late Middle Ages. Machiavelli: 1500s. The Prince. Gave leaders advice on how they should rule. Believed rulers sometimes had to be ruthless to keep order.

Italian Art & Artists Some of the most beautiful and famous art of all time has come from the time known as The Renaissance Artists showed people in a more realistic way than medieval artists Perspective: a way of showing depth and distance on a flat surface.

Two Masters of the Renaissance Michelangelo: produced some of the most famous works of art in world history: Statue of David the King, Painting of the Sistine Chapel were both created for the Catholic Church. His statues look similar to the Greek statues of Gods.

Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci: One of the great geniuses of history. Mona Lisa – one of the most famous paintings in the world. Left behind notebooks filled with all sorts of interests: science, math, poetry, design, inventions. Great attention to detail of the human form.

Bell Ringer Printing Press/ Page Who invented the Printing Press? What year? 2.What made his printing different than what Asia had? Johann Gutenberg 1455 Moveable type made mass production possible

The Renaissance Beyond Italy Chapter 19 Section 2 The renewed interest in ancient texts also renewed an interest in the study of science and math The Renaissance created many of the math symbols we use today: Square Root/ Positive/ Negative Engineering & Architecture improved/ astronomy was studied

Renaissance People Petrarch: The “Father of Humanism”. Scholar who believed that God gave man his intellect to be used to its fullest. Devout Catholic who saw nothing wrong with studying man’s work – including the ancient Greeks & Romans. Great influence on education for hundreds of years. Johann Gutenberg: the invention of the printing press allowed men everywhere to read ideas. He printed the Gutenberg Bible in Latin. Then it was printed in other languages, inspiring the will for more education.

Universities in Europe Over time – Renaissance ideas spread and universities opened in France, Germany, & the Netherlands The importance of the individual began to take shape Only men could attend universities. Many noble families educated their daughters at home Christian Humanism spread in Northern Europe

Important People of the Renaissance Desiderius Erasmus: Dutch Priest, important voice for Church reform. Wanted to get rid of meaningless rituals. Emphasized devotion to God and teachings of Jesus Albrecht Durer: German artist of the Northern Renaissance. Realistic detail. Known for his prints Miguel de Cervantes: Don Quixote – poked fun at the romantic tales of the Middle Ages.

Essential Question What political and economic changes led to the Renaissance? Big Idea: The Renaissance spread far beyond Italy and it changed as it spread Advances in Science & Education were made Development of paper, printing, & new universities

Bell Ringer Biography – William Shakespeare – Page How do you think Shakespeare invented new words and phrases? Perhaps he invented a new word when he needed one to rhyme?

The Reformation of Christianity Chapter 19 Section 3 During the Renaissance, people began to complain about the corruption within the Catholic Church These complaints led to the Reformation – a reform movement against the Church Complaints: o Pope in politics o Too rich o Sale of indulgences o Corruption

Martin Luther Martin Luther: October 31, Nailed a list of complaints about the church to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany. Ninety-five theses Thanks to the new printing press – copies spread throughout Germany Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther for being a heretic Luther appeared before the Diet of Worms ( Council) (pronounced: Vohrms) Emperor ordered him to leave the empire – but a noble helped him.

Teachings of Martin Luther Luther taught that anyone could have a direct relationship with God Priesthood of all believers: you don’t have to go through a Priest Luther translated Bible’s New Testament into German Luther wrote pamphlets, essays, and songs The Nobles liked Luther’s ideas – why? The Lutheran Church soon became the dominant church in northern Germany.

Other Reformers William Tyndale – English Professor, executed by the Catholic Church for translating the Bible into English John Calvin – Teaching of Predestination: the idea that God knew who would be saved even before they were born.

Essential Question What political and economic changes led to the Renaissance? Big Idea: Efforts to reform the Roman Catholic Church led to changes in society and the creation of new churches.

Bell Ringer Page 630 Martin Luther Biography/ John Calvin Biography 1.Why do you think Luther regretted causing a split in the church? 2.Why might Calvin’s economic ideas have been popular with the people of Geneva? Luther did not leave the Catholic Church. They excommunicated him. He never intended for Christians to divide themselves. Calvin did not think that the pursuit of profit would keep businesspeople from being saved. This idea led to capitalism.

The Catholic Reformation The Catholics responded to the Protestant Reformation with a Reformation of their own – Ignatius of Loyola: created the Jesuits, a religious order created to turn people back to the Catholic Church. Jesuits went to Africa, Asia, and America. Francis Xavier brought Catholicism to India & Japan. The Council of Trent: Clergy from across Europe came to discuss reform. Results were:  Selling indulgences was banned,  Bishops must live in the areas they oversee,  Ideas of Luther, Calvin & reformers are rejected

Political Impact of the Protestant Reformation Religious Wars:  French Protestants (Huguenots) fought the Catholic King of France and his armies between 1562 & King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes – a law granting religious freedom  Thirty Years War 1618 – Protestants in Bohemia – (a German State) rose in revolt when their King said everyone had to be Catholic. This spread through the Holy Roman Empire. Treaty of Westphalia allowed rulers to determine whether their countries would be Catholic or Protestant. (End of the Holy Roman Empire)

Social Changes Rise of Self- Government  Once protestants began to govern their own churches – they wanted political power as well  Some protestant churches ruled towns in Europe & America  People wanting to participate in church led to participation in government which eventually leads to democracy.

Essential Question What political and economic changes led to the Renaissance? Big Idea:  Protestant Reformers broke away from the Catholic Church  The Catholics eventually attempted to Reform  Political impact of the Reformation included wars & social change

Renaissance & Reformation Chapter 19 Review 1.A powerful ruler of Florence who valued education and culture: Cosimo de Medici 2.When Prices are low – does trade increase or decrease? Increase 3.Two Renaissance writers who wrote about problems they saw in their societies: Dante and Erasmus

Shakespeare used a humanist idea in Romeo and Juliet by having Romeo compare Juliet to what? The Sun Discussion, debate, & reform all took place in the Catholic Church during what meeting? Council of Trent Marco Polo was made a government official in what country that he visited? China

The production of glass was famous in what city in Italy? Venice This Dynasty (Empire) in China made traveling along the Silk Road safe again. Mongols What event had to take place before it was safe for Marco Polo & his family to travel to China? Mongols take over China making the roads safe to travel

“The only purpose of Art is to glorify God” would be a statement from the Renaissance or the Middle Ages? Middle Ages Who was it that supported arts & learning during the Renaissance? The Merchant Families & Banking Families Who wanted to have an effect on politics by writing a book about how a Prince should control his people? Machiavelli

When Machiavelli said that men are “excessively self-interested”, what does he mean? Selfish & Greedy Who contributed to making Florence, Italy the center of art & learning during the Renaissance? Cosimo de’ Medici Leonardo da Vinci was known as a painter, inventor, sculptor, engineer, & architect – making him a true: Renaissance Man

The Ninety-Five Theses, starting the Protestant Reformation, were nailed to the door of a church in Germany by whom? Martin Luther What happened politically to Europe due to the Protestant Reformation? Growth of Federalism The Edict of Nantes was a law that granted religious freedom in what country? France

What famous artists studied human anatomy so they could make their work more realistic? Albrecht Durer & Leonardo da Vinci What writer, during the Renaissance, did NOT portray the humanist tradition that all is good and people should be loved to get them to do what you want? Instead he believed that rulers should rule with an iron fist. Machiavelli When did ordinary Christians begin to read the Bible for themselves? During & after the Reformation

Who was the first person, during the Renaissance, who taught the Priesthood of the Believer – that anyone could talk directly to God without a priest or preacher? Martin Luther Who did the Catholic King of France support during the Thirty Years War in Germany (Holy Roman Empire)? The Protestants (he didn’t like the Holy Roman Emperor) Who founded the Jesuit Order of Priests? St. Ignatius of Loyola

Who developed the Printing Press? Johann Gutenberg What were French Protestants called? Huguenots What do we call the times & writings of ancient Greece & Rome? Classical

Who was the first major Italian poet to write in Italian? Dante What Dutch priest who emphasized devotion instead of ritual? Erasmus Who brought Catholicism to parts of India & Japan? Francis Xavier

Who wrote more than 30 plays, including Romeo & Juliet? Shakespeare Who was executed for translating the Bible into English? William Tyndale What reformer taught the idea of predestination? John Calvin