Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of protostome coelomates Spiral cleavage Determinate cleavage Development of the mouth from the blastosphore
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of protostome coelomates, cont. Coelom is a fluid-filled cavity lined with mesoderm Evolution of the coelom permitted many innovations, including –Tube-within-a-tube body plan –Hydrostatic skeleton
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of protostome coelomates, cont. Coelom provides space for development of internal organs and gonads Coelom helps transport materials and protects internal organs
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Protostome coelomates include two main branches Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Nemerteans Mollusks Annelids Lophophorate phyla Rotifers
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Longitudinal section of rotifer
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Ecdysozoa Nematodes Arthropods
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of phylum Nemertea Proboscis Reduced coelom: rhynchocoel Tube-within-a-tube body plan Complete digestive tract Mouth with anus
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Lateral view of a typical nemertean
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of phylum Platyhelminthes Acoelomate Bilateral symmetry Cephalization Three definite tissue layers
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Characteristics of phylum Platyhelminthes, cont. Well-developed organs Many are hermaphrodites Ladder-type nervous system –Ganglia Protonephridia
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Phylum platyhelminthes Turbellaria –Free-living flatworms including planarians Trematoda and Monogenea –Parasitic flukes Cestoda –Parasitic tapeworms
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes The common planarian, Dugesia Internal structure LM of a living planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Parasitic flukes and tapeworms typically have Suckers or hooks Complicated life cycles with intermediate hosts Large numbers of eggs
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Life cycle of the blood fluke
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Adaptive advantages of cephalization Beginnings of cephalization, increases the effectiveness of a bilateral animal to find food and detect enemies
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Mollusca Soft bodied animals usually covered by a shell Ventral foot for locomotion Mantle covering the visceral mass
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Mollusca, cont. Open circulatory system (except cephalopods) Metanephridia Radula Ciliated trochophore larva
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Four classes of Phylum Mollusca Polyplacophora Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Polyplacophora Shells consist of eight overlapping plates –Chitons
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Polyplacophora
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Gastropoda Body undergoes torsion –Snails –Slugs –Relatives
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Gastropoda
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Embryonic torsion in a gastropod
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Bivalvia two-part, dorsally-hinged shell encloses body –Aquatic clams –Scallops –Oysters
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Bivalvia
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Cephalopoda Active, predatory swimmers Tentacles surround the mouth located in the large head –Squids –Octopods –Nautilus
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Cephalopoda
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Annelida Segmented worms –Aquatic worms –Earthworms –Leeches
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Annelida, cont. Conspicuously long bodies –Internal and external segmentation Large compartmentalized coelom serves as a hydrostatic skeleton
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Phylum Annelida has three classes Polychaeta Oligochaeta Hirudinea
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Polychaeta Marine worms with –Parapodia for locomotion and gas exchange –Setae on the parapodia
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Oligochaeta Earthworms –A few short setae per segment –Body is divided into more than 100 segments separated internally by septa
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Body plan of an earthworm
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Class Hirudinea Leeches –No setae –No appendages –Parasitic leeches have suckers for holding onto their host
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Nematoda Pseudocoelomates –Bilateral symmetry –Three tissue layers –Complete digestive tract –Body covered by cuticle
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Parasitic nematodes in humans Ascaris Hookworms Trichina worms Pinworms
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes The roundworm Ascaris (a) Longitudinal section (b) Cross section (b) (a)
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Arthropoda Segmented animals with –Paired, jointed appendages –Armor-like exoskeleton of chitin Molting is necessary for growth
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Arthropoda, cont. Open circulatory system Dorsal heart that pumps hemolymph
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Distinguishing characteristics of phylum Arthropoda, cont. Aquatic forms have gills Terrestrial forms have either tracheae or book lungs Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods covered by a hard, segmented shell
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Myriapoda Unbranched appendages and a single pair of antennae –Class Chilopoda –Class Diplopoda
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Trilobite Dorsal viewVentral view
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Chelicerata Body consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen, with six pairs of jointed appendages, four pairs of which serve as legs –Merostomes –Arachnids
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Chelicerata, cont. First pair of appendages are chelicerae Second pair are pedipalps No antennae No mandibles
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Crustacea Lobsters Crabs Shrimp Pillbugs Barnacles
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Anatomy of the lobster
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Crustacea, cont. Cephalothorax Abdomen Five pairs of walking legs Two pairs of antennae Mandibles Maxillae
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Hexapoda Includes class Insecta Branched appendages Single pair of antennae
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Subphylum Hexapoda, cont. An insect is an articulated, tracheated hexapod with –Trachae –Malpighian tubes Body consists of –Head –Thorax –Abdomen
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Anatomy of the grasshopper
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Adaptations contributing to biological success of insects Versatile exoskeleton Segmentation Specialized jointed appendages Ability to fly Highly developed sense organs
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning Biology, Seventh EditionCHAPTER 29 The Animal Kingdom: The Protostomes Adaptations contributing to biological success of insects, cont. Metamorphosis Effective reproductive stragegies Effective mechanisms for defense and offense Ability to communicate