Classification and Diversity

All Living things are composed of CELLS Two Types: * Prokaryotic * Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells primitive, primitive, ‘before kernal’ NO NUCLEUS NO NUCLEUS Lack internal membranes Lack internal membranes Ex. Bacteria (such as Anthrax or e. coli) e. coli) Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)

Eukaryotes (you-carry-oats), ‘true kernal’ contains a “TRUE NUCLEUS” ‘true kernal’ contains a “TRUE NUCLEUS” Has organelles Has organelles

Taxonomy: The science of naming and classifying organisms The science of naming and classifying organisms This scheme consists of different levels of classification, each more comprehensive than the one below it. This scheme consists of different levels of classification, each more comprehensive than the one below it.

Why Classify Organisms? To make diversity less overwhelming. To make diversity less overwhelming. To reflect phylogeny (evolutionary history). To reflect phylogeny (evolutionary history). To avoid ambiguity, so there is one name everyone can use for identification. To avoid ambiguity, so there is one name everyone can use for identification. Relationships among organisms are evident in their names Relationships among organisms are evident in their names

Classification Systems Our changing view of biological diversity Our changing view of biological diversity

Classification Systems The 6 Kingdom system consists of: 1.Animalia 2.Plantae 3.Fungi 4.Protoctista*** 5.Eubacteria 6.Archeabacteria

The “6” Kingdoms: Prokaryotes 1. Eubacteria 2. Archeabacteria Eukaryotes 3. Protoctista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

Prokaryotes: No true nucleus No true nucleus Unicellular Unicellular Can: Can: Eat other things Eat other things Photosynthetic Photosynthetic “Blue-green bacteria” “Blue-green bacteria” 2 types: Eubacteria and Archeabacteria 2 types: Eubacteria and Archeabacteria

Prokaryotes: Shape: Shape: spirella (spiral) spirella (spiral) cocci (sphere) cocci (sphere) bacilli (rod) bacilli (rod)

Prokaryotes: Eubacteria : “true bacteria” “true bacteria” Very diverse Very diverse

Archeabacteria Name means “ancient.” Name means “ancient.” May be ancestors to eukaryotes May be ancestors to eukaryotes Inhabit extreme environments such as hot springs and salt ponds Inhabit extreme environments such as hot springs and salt ponds Prokaryotes:

Prokaryotes: Extreme Halophiles Thermoacidophiles (Yellowstone)

The “6” Kingdoms: 1. Eubacteria 2. Archeabacteria 3. Protoctista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

Protoctista: Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) Most are unicellular but some are colonial and even multicellular Most are unicellular but some are colonial and even multicellular Found almost anywhere there is H 2 0 Found almost anywhere there is H 2 0

Protoctista: There are a wide range of protoctista, including: There are a wide range of protoctista, including: Algae: unicellular, photosynthetic Algae: unicellular, photosynthetic plant-like plant-like

Diatoms Protoctista:

Protoctista: Algae can be multicellular Ex. Seaweed Ex. Seaweed some even have differentiated tissues and organs that resemble plants although they lack true roots, stems and leaves some even have differentiated tissues and organs that resemble plants although they lack true roots, stems and leaves Brown Algae (Kelp) Red Algae Green Algae

Protoctista: Protozoans: Protozoans: animal like, animal like, are mobile, are mobile, ingest food ingest food Amoeba proteus

The “6” Kingdoms: 1. Eubacteria 2. Archeabacteria 3. Protoctista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

Fungi: Get nutrients from other things Get nutrients from other things Digest externally and absorb nutrients Digest externally and absorb nutrients Examples are yeast and mushrooms Examples are yeast and mushrooms

Fungi: Ascocarps (reproductive parts) of scarlet cup, truffles and morel mushrooms.

Fungi:

Fungi: The Hyphae of this Fungi are adapted to trap and constrict nematodes (small round worms) in less than a second. The Fungi then penetrates and digests its inner tissues.

Fungi: Fairy rings are caused by fairy’s dancing in a circle on a moonlight night. Afterward the tired fairies sit and rest on the mushrooms, but some are sat on by toads. This is why they are called “toadstools.” or

Fungi: A mythical “fairy ring” is caused by the underground expansion of the fungi’s mycelium. At the edge of its’ expansion it sends up the mushrooms, the reproductive portion of the fungi.

The “6” Kingdoms: 1. Eubacteria 2. Archeabacteria 3. Protoctista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

Plantae: Multicellular Multicellular Make their food by photosynthesis Make their food by photosynthesis 4 Types: 4 Types: Non-vascular Non-vascular Vascular without seeds Vascular without seeds Seeded vascular Seeded vascular Flowering Plants Flowering Plants

Nonvascular Plants Mosses and liverworts Lack vascular tissue (tubes for water flow) Lack vascular tissue (tubes for water flow) That’s why they only grow close to the ground in wet areas!! That’s why they only grow close to the ground in wet areas!!

Nonvascular Plants Liverworts HornwortBryophyte Moss Liverworts

Vascular Plants Seedless Ferns and Horsetails have spores instead have spores instead

Vascular Plants Seedless vascular plants: Have tubes for water flow in stems. Have tubes for water flow in stems. Ferns Horsetail

Vascular Plants Carboniferous period was dominated by seedless vascular plants. (source of fossil fuels)

Vascular Seed plants Seed Plants : Conifers, such as pines, fir and ginkgo trees and other plants with cones. Conifers, such as pines, fir and ginkgo trees and other plants with cones.

Vascular Seed plants The Ginkgo and Wollemia Pine were both thought to be extinct and were known from their fossil record before they were discovered alive. Ginkgo in China and Wollemia Pine in Australia.

The Giant Sequoia weighs about 2,500 metric tons, is feet in diameter and can live over 3,500 years! Vascular Seed plants

Flowering plants Seed is found within a protective chamber called a fruit Seed is found within a protective chamber called a fruit (in contrast with bearing naked seeds in conifers) (in contrast with bearing naked seeds in conifers)

Flowering plants

Animalia: Ingest food and digest it within specialized cavities Ingest food and digest it within specialized cavities Multicellular and Eukaryotic Multicellular and Eukaryotic Reproduce sexually Reproduce sexually

Classification of Animalia Horseshoe crab

The Phyla of Animalia 1. Porifera 2. Radiata 3. Flat Worms 4. Nematodes (roundworms) 5. Rotifers 6. Mollusks 7. Annelids 8. Arthropods 9. Echinoderms 10. Chordata (back boned) 11. and some other phyla you just don’t have to know.

Lack true tissues Lack true tissues Sponges Sponges Phylum Porifera:

Sponges

Radiata Have radial symmetry (barrel shaped) Hydras, jellies, sea anemones and their relatives Jelly Fish

Hydras Sea Anemone Radiata

Comb Jelly Cnidarian Radiata

Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes No body cavity Bilateral: they have a head and tail move in one direction. ex. Platyhelminthes Planarian, flat worms

Nematodes (roundworms) Partial Body Cavity Gut with mouth and anus Parasites and predators of plants and animals Nematoda

Rotifers Partial body cavities also Partial body cavities also

True Body Cavities Mollusks Mollusks Annelids Annelids Arthropods Arthropods Echinoderms Echinoderms Chordates (Back boned) Chordates (Back boned) and some other phyla and some other phyla

Have a muscular foot and sometimes a shell. Includes Classes: Bivalves, (Clams, scallops, oysters) Gastropods, (snails, slugs) Cephalopods (squids, octopuses, chambered nautilus) Chitons Phylum Mollusca

Gastropods

Phylum Mollusca Bivalves Cephalopods Chambered Nautilus

Phylum Mollusca Bivalves

Worms that are composed of many body segments. Worms that are composed of many body segments. Earthworms Earthworms Marine worms Marine worms Leeches Leeches Phylum Annelida

Segmented animals with exoskeletons and jointed appendages Segmented animals with exoskeletons and jointed appendages Crustaceans (crabs, lobster) Crustaceans (crabs, lobster) Spiders Spiders Insects Insects There are about a There are about a billion billion arthropods on Earth, mostly insects. Phylum Arthropoda

Crustaceans Crustaceans

Phylum Arthropoda Millipede (herbivore) Centipede (carnivore)

Phylum Arthropoda ScorpionsParasitic mites in honeybee trachea

Phylum Arthropoda Trilobite Horseshoe CrabsSpiders

Sea stars, sea urchins Sea stars, sea urchins Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata Chordata: has a nerve cord Chordata: has a nerve cord Lancelets Lancelets Tunicate Tunicate Vertebrates (true spine) Vertebrates (true spine)

Phylum Chordata Vertebrates

Classification of Animalia Classification of Animalia Phylum : Porifera - Sponges that grow in the sea. Phylum : Porifera - Sponges that grow in the sea. Phylum : Plathelminthes - Flatworms Phylum : Plathelminthes - Flatworms Phylum : Rotifera - Tiny round or worm- like animals Phylum : Rotifera - Tiny round or worm- like animals Phylum : Nematoda - Roundworms Phylum : Nematoda - Roundworms

Classification of Animalia Classification of Animalia Phylum : Annelida - These are the segmented worms; such as earthworms and leeches. Phylum : Annelida - These are the segmented worms; such as earthworms and leeches. Phylum: Mollusca - Soft-bodied animals without segments. Examples are oyster, clam, slugs and squid. Phylum: Mollusca - Soft-bodied animals without segments. Examples are oyster, clam, slugs and squid. Phylum: Arthropoda - Bodies divided into segments and hard outer body covers. Examples include lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, insects, mites and ticks. Phylum: Arthropoda - Bodies divided into segments and hard outer body covers. Examples include lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, insects, mites and ticks.

Classification of Animalia Phylum : Echinodermata- Starfish,etc. Phylum : Echinodermata- Starfish,etc. Phylum : Chordata - Vertebrates animals with internal skeletons and backbones. Examples include horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, birds, most fish and humans. Phylum : Chordata - Vertebrates animals with internal skeletons and backbones. Examples include horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, birds, most fish and humans. Others Others

Classification of Animalia

The 7 levels in the hierarchy of taxonomy: Kingdom Kingdom Phylum or Division (plants & fungi) Phylum or Division (plants & fungi) Class Class Order Order Family Family Genus Genus Species Species

What is a species? A distinct form of life A distinct form of life A group of populations whose individuals: A group of populations whose individuals: have the potential to interbreed have the potential to interbreed produce viable, fertile offspring in nature produce viable, fertile offspring in nature

The binomial system of nomenclature. “Two Name Naming” “Two Name Naming” genus (capitalize 1st letter) and species (lower case 1st letter) genus (capitalize 1st letter) and species (lower case 1st letter) both italicized or underlined both italicized or underlined Homo sapiens Homo sapiensor

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