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SCIENTIFIC METHOD: *State the problem *Gather information *Form a hypothesis *Perform an experiment Variable-something that can change Control-cannot change in an experiment *Analyze data *Draw conclusions SCIENCE AS INQUIRY

Physical changes Chemical changes Element Atom Periodic Table Protons Neutrons electrons

Elements most often found in living organisms C N H O P S Ca Fe

ANIMAL CELLS CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM NUCLEOLUS MITOCHONDRIAN LYSOSOME RIBOSOMES VACUOLE

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL CYTOPLASM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MITOCHONDRION CHLOROPLAST RIBOSOMES CELL WALL VACUOLE NUCLEUS CELL MEMBRANE

PLANT CELL

Cell wall-protections & gives shape Cell membrane-regulates balance between cell & the environment Cytoplasm-constanly moving gel mixture inside cell membrane that contains heridity material Nucleus- controls all the activities of the cell and contains heridity material.(proteins & DNA)

Mitochondrion-breaks down lipids & carbohydrates. Ribosome- structure in which cells make their own protein Endoplasmic reticulum(ER)- moves materials around in a cell. (smooth & rough) Golgi bodies-package cellular materials and transport them within or out of cell.

Osmosis-a type of passive transport that occurs when water diffuses through a cell membrane. Diffusion-a type of transport when molecules move from an area where there are more of t them to fewer of them.

Photosynthesis & Respiration Chemical equation for photosynthesis Page 307 in textbook Chemical equation for respiration Page 309 in textbook

Aerobic respiration-any organism that uses oxygen for respiration. Anaerobic respiration-an organism that does not use oxygen for respiration.

Skeletal System –Chapter 17 Muscular System-chapter 17 Skin-Chapter 17 Nutrition and Digestion-Chapter 28 Circulation-Chapter 19 Respiration & Excretion-Chapter 20 Nervous System-Chapter 21 Endocrine & Reproduction-Chapter 22 Immunity & Disease-Chapter 23 Human Development

Human Life Cycles zygote Stages after birth: Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Older Adulthood

Diseases Communicable-can be passed on Not communicable Transmitted, treated, & prevented

Genetics & Reproduction asexual reproduction sexual reproduction mitosis cell division-stages meiosis cell division-stages

The study of heredity started with the work of Gregor Mendel and his pea plant garden Mendel was an Austrian Monk that lived in the mid 1800’s

Mendel’s cross between tall pea plants yielded all tall pea plants. His cross between small pea plants yielded all small pea plants. Mendels’ cross between tall pea plants and small pea plants yielded all tall pea plants. X = x = X =

Mendel then crossed these second generation tall pea plants and ended up with 1 out 4 being small. x =

Mendel’s work led him to the understanding that traits such as plant height are carried in pairs of information not by single sets of information. -Carrying the information are chromosomes. -Chromosomes are made up of sections called genes. -Genes are made up of DNA

DNA D.N.A. - Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecule made of: 1. Deoxy Sugar 2. Combination of four nitrogen bases Either:a. Guanine b. Cytocine c. Thymine d. Adenine The sum total of combinations that these four bases are capable of creating are greater than all the stars visible in the night time sky

DNA DNA is found in all living cells –It controls all functions inside a cell –It stores all the genetic information for an entire living organism –Single cell like an amoeba –Multi cell like a human

Genetics Small sections of DNA are responsible for a “trait”. These small sections are called “Genes”. –Gene - A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait –Trait - A characteristic an organism can pass on to it’s offspring through DNA Gene

T. Trimpe

1. Predict the offspring from a cross between a purebred tall pea plant and a hybrid tall plant. Use T for tall and t for short. (a) Give the genotypes. Purebred Tall = ____ Hybrid Tall = ____ (b) Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. (c) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? _______ % (d) What is the probability that a plant would be short? _______ % 2. Predict the offspring from a cross between two hybrid tall pea plants. (a) Give the genotype for a hybrid tall plant. ______ (b) Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. (c) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? _____ % (d) What is the probability that a plant would be short? _____ % (e) If you were to plant 100 seeds from this cross, how many would you expect to be tall?

1. Predict the offspring from a cross between a purebred tall pea plant and a hybrid tall plant. Use T for tall and t for short. (a) Give the genotypes. Purebred Tall = ____ Hybrid Tall = ____ (b) Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. (c) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? (d) What is the probability that a plant would be short? T T Tt TTTt TTTt 0% 100% TTTt

2. Predict the offspring from a cross between two hybrid tall pea plants. (a) Give the genotype for a hybrid tall plant. ______ (b) Create a Punnett square to determine the genotypes for the offspring. (c) What is the probability that a plant would be tall? (d) What is the probability that a plant would be short? (e) If you were to plant 100 seeds from this cross, how many would you expect to be tall? T t Tt TTTt tt 25% 75% Tt 25% of 100 = 25 plants

Words to know- dominant traits recessive traits incomplete dominant traits selective breeding

ORGANISMS & ECOSYSTEMS DICHOTOMOUS KEY LIFE CYCLES OF PLANTS & ANIMALS FOOD WEBS MAJOR BIOMES PRODUCERS PRIMARY CONSUMERS SECONDARY CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS POPULATION COMMUNITY MUTUALISTIC PARASTIC HABBIT NICHE BEHAVIORAL & STRUCTUAL ADAPTATION

Monocot & Dicot

Flower Stamen Ovary Style Filament Stigma Anther Ovule

Ecosystems Aboitic & biotic Food web Nitrogen cycle Chapter 26

METAMORPHOSIS Complete Egg Nymph Incomplete Larva Adult Pupa

METAMORPHOSIS