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Chapter Menu Introduction Section 1: Section 1: The Economy Section 2: Section 2: People and Their Environment Visual Summary

Chapter Intro 1 Russia continues to adjust to difficult political and economic challenges, including the transition from the Soviet-controlled command economy to a market economy. This transition requires Russia to find a way to balance its need for economic growth with preservation of the environment.

Chapter Intro 2 Section 1: The Economy Patterns of economic interdependence vary among the world’s countries. Russia’s transition from a Soviet- controlled economy to a market economy continues as the country builds relationships within the global community.

Chapter Intro 3 Section 2: People and Their Environment Human actions modify the physical environment. Russia must repair serious damages from the Soviet era while protecting and making the best use of natural resources for economic growth.

Chapter Preview-End

Section 1-GTR The Economy Russia is making the transition to a market economy and attempting to expand international trade and build political and financial relationships within the global community.

Section 1-GTR command economycommand economy The Economy privatization kolkhoz sovkhoz illegal consumer good black market market economy successor stability

Section 1-GTR A.Siberia The Economy B.Chechnya C.Dagestan

A.A B.B Section 1 Does the outlook for the Russian economy look positive or negative? A.Positive B.Negative The Economy

Section 1 Russia has faced many challenges in its transition from a command economy to a market economy. Changing Economies Negative aspects of the economy: –A weak banking system –Foreign debt –Unstable currency –Corruption

Section 1 Progress: –Privatization in the 1990s –Reforms to balance the budget and cut inflation –Increase in the number of small businesses –Growing middle class in Moscow and other cities Changing Economies (cont.) Restructuring Employment

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Which type of economy did Russia previously have? A.Market B.Command C.Black market D.None of the above

Section 1 Russia’s transition to a market economy has transformed agriculture and industry. Economic Activities Russia’s transition to a market economy has included: –Restructuring agriculture –Privatizing industry

Section 1 Economic Activities (cont.) –Opening markets to foreign investors –Managing natural resource more efficiently Russia’s GDP by Economic Activity

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 Russia’s most important industry is extracting which resource? A.Iron ore B.Nickel C.Petroleum D.Manganese

Section 1 Russia is developing and improving transportation and communications systems to help with the transition to a market economy. Transportation and Communications Transporting goods: –Mainly dependent on railroads and waterways –Pipelines

Section 1 Transportation and Communications (cont.) Transporting people: –Public transportation—trains, buses, subways –Jet airplanes

Section 1 Mass communications: –Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Russians have heard and read new voices and fresh views. –Cell phone service has doubled in recent years. –Internet use is also popular. Transportation and Communications (cont.)

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 1 How much of the Russian population uses cell phones? A.15% B.25% C.40% D.45%

Section 1 Russia is expanding international trade and is working to build political and financial relationships within the global community. Trade and Interdependence Trade: –Energy and fuels account for over 53% of exports. –Russia is a member of the Asia-Pacific Cooperation (APEC) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

A.A B.B Section 1 Other countries and world organizations refuse to provide loans and make funds available to Russian industry. A.True B.False

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Section 2-GTR People and Their Environment Russia faces daunting environmental challenges, including repairing serious damages from the Soviet era and making the best use of vast natural resources for economic growth without causing further damage to the environment.

Section 2-GTR nuclear wastenuclear waste People and Their Environment pesticide contribute radioactive materialradioactive material resident cite

Section 2-GTR A.Barents Sea People and Their Environment B.Baltic Sea C.Bering Sea D.Chernobyl E.Lake Baikal F.Noril′sk G.Kamchatka

A.A B.B C.C Section 2 Some nuclear wastes can remain radioactive for how many years? A.Decades B.Hundreds C.Thousands People and Their Environment

Section 2 The environmental damage caused by Soviet-era industrialization continues to pose risks to natural resources and human health. Human Impact Problems: –Nuclear wastes during Cold War era –Chernobyl fire in 1986 The Impact of Chernobyl, 1986

Section 2 Human Impact (cont.) –Water quality—industrialization has polluted most of Russia’s lakes and rivers. –Soil quality—toxic waste dumps, aging storage containers, broken pipelines, fertilizers and pesticides have poisoned the soil. –Air quality—industries, vehicle emissions and burning coal have produced acid rain and pollution.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 How many nuclear reactors are still running in Russia? A.5 B.21 C.29 D.45

Section 2 Russia is trying to repair past damage to the environment as well as manage natural resources without causing further harm. Managing Resources The World Bank’s Sustainable Forestry Pilot Project is helping Russia manage its forests. People have come together to oppose a mining operation in remote Kamchatka.

A.A B.B C.C D.D E.E Section 2 If steps are taken to conserve the forests, some of the rewards will be which of the following? A.Increased employment opportunities B.More stable local economies C.Healthier environment D.None of the above E. All of the above

Section 2 Russia faces many challenges as the country’s growing economy and demand for natural resources impacts the environment. Challenges for the Future Threats to the environment: –Supertrawlers are causing fish populations to deplete.

Section 2 Challenges for the Future (cont.) –Pipelines that pass through wilderness may leak or break. –Global warming is causing the world’s largest peat bog to defrost, releasing methane into the atmosphere.

A.A B.B C.C D.D Section 2 The controversial pipeline would pass by which lake? A.Lake Balkhash B.Aral Sea C.Caspian Sea D.Lake Baikal

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VS 1 An Economic Facelift

VS 2 Preserving Russia’s Natural Resources Russia is a land of abundant natural resources, such as oil and timber. The World Bank’s Sustainable Forestry Pilot Project is helping Russia protect against deforestation. The pollution of Russia’s water supply has been reduced thanks to new industrial and pollution regulations. Nuclear wastes, left over from the Soviet era, are still a problem in some parts of Russia.

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Vocab1 command economy system of resource management in which decisions about production and distribution of goods and services are made by a central authority

Vocab2 consumer goods products and services that directly satisfy human wants

Vocab3 black market illegal trade of scarce or illegal goods, usually sold at high prices

Vocab4 market economy an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand

Vocab5 privatization a change to private ownership of state-owned companies and industries

Vocab6 kolkhoz in the Soviet Union, a small farm worked by farmers who shared in the farm’s production and profits

Vocab7 sovkhoz in the Soviet Union, a large farm owned and run by the state

Vocab8 nuclear waste the by-product of producing nuclear power

Vocab9 radioactive material material contaminated by residue from the generation of nuclear energy

Vocab10 pesticide chemical used to kill insects, rodents, and other pests

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