Bone Fractures

Types of Fractures 1. Simple (closed): bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate skin. 2. Compound (open): broken ends of bone protruding through skin.

Types of Fractures 3. Comminuted: bone breaks into many fragments Common in elderly people whose bones are brittle 4. Compression: bone is crushed Common in people with osteoporosis 5. Depressed: bone is pressed inward Typical of a skull fracture

Types of Fractures 6. Impacted: broken bone ends are forced into each other (ex: arm breaks a fall) 7. Spiral: ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone Common sport injury 8. Greenstick: bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks Common in young children

Spiral Fracture Of the femur

Compression Fracture Of the lumbar spine

Compound (Open) Fracture Of the Humerus

Depressed Fracture Of the Frontal bone

Impacted Fracture Of the humerus

Comminuted Fracture Of the distal Femur

Greenstick Fracture

Simple (Closed) Fracture

Homeostatic Imbalances Osteoporosis: when the bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit. Bone mass decreases become porous and lighter Spine is most vulnerable Compression fractures are common Femur neck is also vulnerable (broken hip)

Osteoporosis Prevention: get enough calcium as bones are developing (up to age 35). drink fluorinated water (hardens bones) exercise during youth and throughout life (increase mass) Statistic: ONLY 35% of adults consume the recommended daily allowance of calcium

Osteomalacia (adults) and Rickets (children) Calcium or vitamin D deficiency causing soft bones Bowed legs and deformed pelvis Growth plates can’t be calcified and the end of long bones become widened.

Paget’s Disease Excessive and abnormal bone formation leaves bones soft and weak. Rarely seen before age 40 Unknown cause (viral?)