Internet of Things (IoT) Md. Ruhul Amin ID:1014054006

Outlines Introduction Market Opportunity IoT Architecture IoT challenges Conclusion

Introduction The Internet of Things is the intelligent connectivity of physical devices driving massive gains in efficiency, business growth, and quality of life” The IoT transforms physical objects from being traditional to smart by exploiting its underlying technologies such as ubiquitous and pervasive computing, em-bedded devices, communication technologies, sensor networks, Internet protocols and applications

Introduction Vertical and Horizontal Integration of IoT

Market Opportunity 50 IoT Is Here Now – and Growing! “Smart Objects” 2010 2015 2020 40 30 20 10 BILLIONS OF DEVICES 50 Billion “Smart Objects” 25 12.5 Rapid Adoption Rate of Digital Infrastructure: 5X Faster Than Electricity and Telephony Inflection Point … and IoT isn’t “science fiction” or something that will happen in the future – it’s real, and it’s here now. Cisco believes that the inflection point – the point at which the number of connected devices began outnumbering the number of men, women, and children on the planet – happened about five years ago; others in the industry believe that it happened about a year and a half ago. Similarly, Cisco believes that the number of connected objects will grow to about 50 billion over the next several years, while other estimates put that number at 25, 30, or even as high as 200 billion! Who’s right doesn’t really matter … the point is that we all universally agree on two things: 1) the point of inflection is in the past; and 2) gap is expected to widen exponentially over the next several years. So, IoT is here today, and will continue to grow! World Population 7.2 6.8 7.6 TIMELINE IoT Is Here Now – and Growing! Source: Cisco IBSG, 2011

Market Opportunity Projected Market Share of Dominant IoT Applications by 2025

IoT Architecture IoT Elements The IoT architecture. (a) Three-layer. (b) Middle-ware based. (c) SOA (d) Five Layer IoT Elements

Object Layer The object consists of sensor/actuator devices This aims to collect and process information and perform different functionalities such as querying location, temperature, weight, motion, vibration, acceleration, humidity etc. This layer digitizes and transfers data to the Object Abstraction Layer through secure channels.

Object Abstraction Layer It is responsible for transferring data collected by Object layer to the Service Management Layer through secure channels. Technologies used in this layer are RFID,3G,4G,5G, GSM, UMTS, Wifi, Bluetooth Low Energy, Infrared, Zigbee etc. Cloud Computing and Data Management Processes are handled in this layer.

Service Management Layer It is responsible for pairing services with its requester based on Addresses and Names. This layer supports the IoT application programmers to work with heterogeneous objects without consideration to a specific hardware platform.

Application Layer Application layer provides services requested by customers such as temperature and humidity measurements to the customers who ask for that data. Application layer covers numerous vertical markets such as smart home, smart building, transportation, industrial automation and smart healthcare.

Business Layer This layer manages overall IoT system activities and services. The responsibility of this layer are to build a business model, graphs, flowcharts etc. based on the received data from the application layer. Decision making processes based on Big-data analysis are taken in this layer. Monitors and manages underplaying four layers is achieved in this layer.

IoT Elements Identification Sensing  Identification is required for IoT to name and match services with their demand from the customers. Object ID refers to its name and Object Address refers to its address within a communication network. identification method: Electronic Product Code (EPC) and ubiquitous code (uCode), addressing method (IPv6) Sensing IoT sensing means gathering data from the related objects within the network and sending it back to a data warehouse, database or cloud. IoT sensors can be smart sensors, actuators or wearable sensing devices.

IoT Elements Cont.. Communication Computation IoT communication technologies connect heterogeneous objects together to deliver specific smart services.  Communication technologies such as RFID, Near Field Communication(NFC) and Ultra Wide Bandwidth (UWB) Computation Processing units (microcontrollers, micro processors, SOCs, FPGAs) and software applications represent the brain and computational ability of the IoT.  Cloud platforms form another important computational part of IoT.

IoT Elements Cont… Services Semantics Four classes of IoT services for the customers for various application purposes. Identity-related Service Information Aggregation Collaborative –Aware Services Ubiquitous Services Semantics It refers to the ability to extract knowledge smartly by different machines to provide the required services to the customers. Knowledge extraction includes discovering and using resources and modeling information. This requirement is supported by semantic web technologies such as RDF(Resource Description Framework) and Web Ontology (OWL)

Architecture (continued….) Standardization efforts in support of IoT Building Blocks and Technologies in IoT

Application Layer Protocols Message Q Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Constrained Application Protocols (CoAP) Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol(XMPP) Advance Message Q protocol (AMQP)

Service Discovery Protocols Multicast DNS (mDNS) DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD)

Infrastructure Protocols Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) IETF ROLL working group Link independent routing protocol based on IPv6 Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph( DODAG) represents the core topology. 6LowPAN(Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network) Adaptation Layer to fit IPv6 to IEEE 802.15.4  Support for header compression , fragmentation to meet IPv6 MTU.

Infrastructure Protocols

IoT challenges Availability Reliability Mobility Performance Any where any time services (software and hardware) Reliability Proper working of the system based on specifications.  Increases success rate of IoT services. Mobility  Internet of Vehicles (IoV) Performance processing speed, communication speed, device form factor and cost.

IoT Challenges Management Scalability Interoperability Needs light-weight management protocols to manage fault, configuration, accounting , performance and security of IoT devices. Scalability  Addition of new devices, services and functions for customers without negatively affecting the quality of existing services. Interoperability Large number of heterogeneous things with different platforms. PROBE-IT is an ongoing project like ETSI Plugtests. Security and Privacy  Standard for distribution of keys among devices.

Conclusion IoT needs specific tools and technologies for its realization. Identification and sensing are the elementary components of IoT. Low weight efficient communication between sensing devices and interoperability between different communication mechanisms are critical problems in IoT. For Future, A simple topology with sensors , 6lowWPAN and lrWPAN will be simulated in NS-3.

References A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M.Aledhari and M. Ayyash, “Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols and Applications”, IEEE communication surveys and tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, fourth quarter, 2015.

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An Example of Smart Health of IoT