Immunohematology

The study of the human ( ) Includes: – Evaluation of blood donors – Collection and processing of donor blood – Testing patient blood for blood group antigens – Matching patient with compatible blood before transfusion – Tissue typing – Forensic studies – Paternity tests – Genetic studies

History of Transfusions 1 st earliest recorded transfusion was attempted in ( ) After disastrous result- banned in late 1600s st successful transfusion of a woman suffering post-partum hemorrhage by Dr. James Blundell Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO group st U.S. blood bank in Chicago

History of Transfusions Starting in 1950 improvements were rapid – Sterile plastic bags – Improved blood preservation methods – Donor blood screened for ( ) – Specialized treatments were used to treat

Blood Bank Department Responsible for: – ( ) patient blood – Testing blood for usual antibodies – Matching compatible blood units to patients – Provide special components for ( ) – May also provide paternity services and work with transplant teams Practices issued by American Association of Blood Banks

Donor Blood Approx. 15 million units of blood donated each year Prior to donating, donors are given information explaining requirements, diseases, conditions, or medical history that would exclude from donating General Health exam- weight, temp, BP, HR, Hgb, general health Behavioral history

Donor Blood Collection Sterile Collected from arm- usually ( ) Approx. 1 pint is collected in a sterile, closed bag contained an anticoagulant and ( ) Small portion remains in segmented external tubing-coded and used for testing Fluid lost during donation usually replenished with ( ) Must wait ( )(8 weeks) between donations

( ) Process of removing one blood component and returning the remaining blood components to donor RBCs, plasma, platelets, granulocytes ( )- process of removing only platelets

Testing Determine ABO and Rh type Screen for unusual ( ) Tested for: – Syphilis – Antibodies to Hep B and C – HIV – Human T-cell lymphotropic viruses – West nile

Procedures ABO grouping Rh typing Compatibility testing before blood transfusion Typing of donor blood Screening and identifying unusual blood group antibodies Testing for hemolytic diseases of newborn

( ) All individuals are placed into one of 4 major groups 45% of population is O 40% is A 11% is B 4% is AB

Blood Group Antigens Grouping based on presence or absence of 2 blood group antigens ( ) Products of inherited genes Each indiv. inherits one blood group allele from each parent- A, B, or O

Examples A and B are codominant Persons who inherit both an A and B will express both A and B antigens A person who inherits one O and an A (or B) will express only A (or B) Indiv. who inherit 2 Os will have neither A nor B antigens

( ) Composed of many antigens ( ) is only one blood is routinely tested for Inherited

( ) Occurs in majority of population If present on RBC- positive, if not- negative Rh negative patients can only get Rh negative blood