Presentation ON “ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN FRUIT PRODUCTION” Presented By Ratna suryvanshi M.Sc.(Hort).previous Deptt. of Fruit Science COA. IGKV , Raipur ( C.G.)

What is micro-nutrients? INTRODUCTION What is micro-nutrients? Elements essential for plant growth, required in much smaller amounts than those of the primary nutrients; nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The micronutrients are boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn) and chlorine (Cl). The major causes for micronutrient deficiencies are Intensified agricultural practices, Depletion of nutrients and no replenishment.

Need for micronutrient application in fruit crops To maintain and increase the long term fertility of soils To encourage and enhance biological cycles within the farming system To produce food of high nutritional quality Need for micronutrient application in fruit crops

Effect of different levels of pH on micronutrient availability

ROLE OF BORON Essential of germination of pollen grains and growth of pollen tubes. Promotes maturity. Affects nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism. ROLE OF COPPER It play Major role in photosynthesis . Increases sugar content. Indirect role in chlorophyll production. Improves flavor of fruits and vegetables. ROLE OF MANGANESE Role in chlorophyll synthesis. Increases the availability of Phosphorus. It is also necessary for plant and nitrogen metabolism.

ROLE OF ZINC Aids plant growth hormones and enzyme system. Necessary for chlorophyll production. Necessary for carbohydrate and starch formation. ROLE OF MOLYBDENUM Required to form the enzyme like, "nitrate reductase" which reduces nitrates to ammonium in plant. Aids in the formation of legume nodules. Needed to convert inorganic phosphates to organic forms in the plant. ROLE OF IRON Promotes formation of chlorophyll. Acts as an oxygen carrier. oxidation/reduction processes of photosynthesis and respiration

MICRONUTRIENTS FOR FRUIT CROPS Cu, Fe and Mn are involved in various processes related to photosynthesis Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn are associated with various enzyme systems B is the only micronutrient not specifically associated with either photosynthesis or enzyme function, but it is associated with the carbohydrate chemistry and reproductive system of the plant The significance of micronutrients in growth as well as physiological functions of horticultural crops fruits are briefed here nutrient wise

MICRONUTRIENTS IN MANGO Micronutrient deficiency is generally not encountered in mango but Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Cu deficiency have been reported in different varieties. Little leaf caused by the zinc deficiency to overcome little leaf two sprays of 1-2% Zinc sulphate, one at the time of flowering and the other at one month after the first spray correct the disorder.

Internal necrosis in Mango (watery symptoms) Stunted growth with shortened internodes and the small leaves showing pale green colour are the symptoms of boron deficiency. And to control it apply spraying of 0.25 % boric acid. Tip burning of old leaves with grey brown patches is the typical symptom of copper deficiency. Spraying of 0.3% copper. It is reported that spraying of Fe (0.1 %) and Cu (0.1%) reduced spongy tissue in mango. Internal necrosis in Mango (watery symptoms) Foliar spray of Borax 0.5% at fortnightly interval

Fruit cracking in mango Zn deficiency in Mango Application of 5-10 kg Borax / ha a foliar spray of 0.25% Borax at 10 days interval or solubor at 300 gm/ 100litres of water Soil application of ZnSO4 10 kg/ha or foliar spray of ZnSO4 1% or nitrozinc at 150 ml /100litres of water.

MICRONUTRIENTS IN BANANA Micronutrient deficiency is generally found in Banana. Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Cu deficiency have been reported in different varieties. Interveinal chlorosis in the middle of the sub terminal leaves indicate manganese deficiency. Overall drooping appearance, Shortened intervals between leaf petioles emerging from the pseudo stem. The leaves droop and resemble like an umbrella due to copper deficiency.

Manganese deficiency in Banana Recommendation Spraying Manganese Sulphate (0.5 %) on the leaves is recommended After 14 weeks the disorder was cured.

MICRONUTRIENTS IN PAPAYA In case of papaya, P fertilization raised the concentrations of Mn and Zn and lowered those of Cu and K. Boron deficiency symptoms first shows on the growing point and younger leaves. The leaves tend to be thickened, curled and brittle. Zn 0.5% + B 0.1% foliar sprays at 4th and 8th month after planting increased the fruit yield (330.68 kg/tree) and latex yield ( 21.65 g/fruit at stage I), apart from improving the quality traits.

Symptoms first shows on the growing point and younger leaves Symptoms first shows on the growing point and younger leaves. The leaves tend to be thickened, curled and brittle.

MICRONUTRIENT IN CITRUS Mottle leaf indicates yellow blotches between veins or terminal shoot leaves, reduced leaf size, narrow pointed and chlorotic leaves small sized and misshapen fruits due to zinc deficiency. In case of iron deficiencies of iron, application of costly input like iron chelate may help in controlling it. Copper deficiency in citrus is called exanthema , red rust, die back, multiple bud or peach leaf conditions. The disorder is also called as foliocellosis.

ZINC DEFICIENCY IN CITRUS Spraying of zinc sulphate 0.3% with calcium chloride 0.5g/liter, sucrose 0.5g/ liter and urea 5g/liter once for a young tree and twice for old trees at fortnightly intervals in spring flush (Feb-March) corrects Zn deficiency

MICRONUTRIENT IN GRAPES Foliar application of micronutrients in grape especially of boron through sprays at bloom and pre-bloom stages have been found to be improved the yield and quality of grape. In grape, spraying of 0.2% zinc sulphate increased the number of bunches at harvest and their weight and increase in a yield as a result of improved berry set. Application of boric acid alone and in combination with trunk girdling reduced bud and flower drop resulting in better berry set; improved berry retention, yield and quality.

Iron deficiency in grapes Zinc deficiency in grapes Two sprays of 0.2% ferrous sulphate, one before bloom and the second after fruit set. spraying of 0.5 – 1% zinc sulphate 10 days before flower formation

Chicken and hen in grapes due to Boron deficiency

MICRONUTRIENT IN GUAVA Guava sometimes suffers from deficiency of zinc. The usual symptoms of zinc deficiency are interveinal chlorosis, sparsity of foliage, reduced leaf size and fruit production. Spraying the trees with 0.45 kg zinc sulphate and 0.34 kg slaked lime dissolved in 16 gallons of water cures this condition. Pre-flowering spray with 0.4 per cent boric acid and 0.3 per cent zinc sulphate increased the yield and fruit size. Spraying of copper sulphate at 0.2 to 0.4 per cent also proved effective in increasing growth and yield of guava. 21

Guava with iron Deficiency Guava ( Rough Texture) Guava with iron Deficiency Foliar spray of Borax 0.5% at fortnightly interval Two sprays of 0.2% ferrous sulphate, one before bloom and the second after fruit set. 22

Types of Application Foliar application soil application Soil application provide residual benefit to crop. Also application condition is flexible. Nutrient application can be integrated with usual basal dose . Important thing is soil application is best when it is based on soil test. Foliar application Foliar application will correct nutrient deficiency problems. It show quick effect on crop as well as uniform application of small amount possible. It is more practical in horticultural crop.

Micronutrient content of the organics Micronutrients (mg/kg) Fe Mn Zn Cu B Mo FYM 1788 34 137 2.5 4.6 2.1 Pig manure 1200 50 70 8.9 3.5 1.4 Poultry manure 1400 90 210 7.1 5.0 3.1 Compost 3600 85 200 14 10.0 2.0 Sewage sludge 8000 2489 262 643 9.0 6.0 Green manure 140 17 80 3.2 20 0.2 Rice Straw 225 30 700 4.5 8.0 0.1 Orissa Review * April-2006

How to Correct Micronutrient Deficiencies Corrective measures once a micronutrient deficiency has been diagnosed are usually simple and cheap. The missing nutrient is applied as a fertilizer, either to the soil or as a foliar spray. Only a small amount is needed. Some examples of correcting micronutrient deficiencies from different parts of the world Farmers in Japan are getting good results from boron in the form of slow-release fertilizers. Iron deficiency may be difficult to correct, and there has been some success in selecting rhizobium which are effective in soil with a low iron content, and inoculating either soil or young seedlings with them. In the Philippines, where field surveys showed widespread boron and zinc deficiency, there was a clear response to applications of boron, zinc sulfate and chicken manure. Perhaps chicken manure could even be seen as an effective micronutrient fertilizer.

Constraints in micronutrient application Lack of knowledge about the role of micronutrients among farmers. Unavailability of micronutrients in market. High cost of micronutrient fertilizers. Maximum use of inorganic fertilizers neglecting the use of organic manures.

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