The Atomic Nucleus--Natural Radioactivity

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Presentation transcript:

The Atomic Nucleus--Natural Radioactivity Most elements have one or more isotopes with unstable nuclei An unstable nucleus is radioactive Radioactive nuclei spontaneously decay & emit radiation

Transmutation Radioactive Decay frequently results in a change in the number of protons in a nucleus The identity of the element changes!

Types of Radiation Alpha Particles () mass number = 4 charge = +2 Beta particles () mass number = 0 charge = -1 Gamma rays() energy

Change in the Nucleus:

Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Type of Radiation Symbol Change in Nucleus Mass # Charge Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray

Creates ions or free radicals (chemically reactive) Ionizing Radiation = radiation that liberates particles that have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule Creates ions or free radicals (chemically reactive) Rapidly dividing cells are most sensitive Type of Radiation travel distance (air) (tissue depth) shielding Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray

Writing an Equation for Alpha Decay: U-238 decays to give Th-234 and an alpha particle.

Writing an Equation for Alpha Decay: Americium-241 undergoes alpha decay.

Writing an Equation for Beta Decay: The beta decay of a carbon-14 nucleus produces a nitrogen-14 nucleus.

Writing an Equation for Beta Decay: Cobalt-60 is a synthetic isotope with a half-life of 5.27 years. When Cobalt-60 decays, both a -particle and -rays are emitted.

Writing an Equation for Gamma Emission: pure gamma emitters are rare gamma emission frequently accompanies  and  radiation Technitium-99m is a radioisotope used in nuclear medicine. It must be produced in a radiology lab and used quickly (t1/2 = 6 hours).

Half-Life of Radioisotopes Half-life = the time it takes for one-half of a sample to decay

Strontium-90 released by testing of nuclear weapons/nuclear accidents chemically similar to Calcium (bones, teeth, milk) half-life = 28.8 years decays by beta emission Write an equation: For every 100 gram of Sr-90 released by the Chernobyl nuclear reactor meltdown in 1986, approximately how many grams remain?

Radioactive tracers are used in Medical Imaging: Iodine-123 is a radioisotope used to assess Thyroid activity (t1/2 = 13 hours) Phosphorus-32 is used to identify malignant tumors (cancer cells tend to accumulate more P)