Гел-ЕЛЕКТРОФОРЕЗА. Агароза-Гел Електрофореза Гел електрофорезата е техника што се употребува за анализа на НУКЛЕИНСКИ КИСЕЛИНИ и ПРОТЕИНИ. Агароза-гел.

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Presentation transcript:

Гел-ЕЛЕКТРОФОРЕЗА

Агароза-Гел Електрофореза Гел електрофорезата е техника што се употребува за анализа на НУКЛЕИНСКИ КИСЕЛИНИ и ПРОТЕИНИ. Агароза-гел Електрофорезата рутински се употребува за подготовка и анализа на ДНА. -Агароза-Гел Електрофорезата е процедура што се употребува за СЕПАРАЦИЈА на молекулите врз база на нивната БРЗИНА НА ДВИЖЕЊЕ низ ГЕЛ под влијание на електрично поле.

Virtual Gel Electrophoresis Дополнителни информации за гел електрофореза ќе најдете на:

DNA е негативно набиена молекула при рН од 7.00 поради фосфатните групи (PO 4 3- )што се присутни во нејзината структура

DNA е негативно набиена молекула. +- Батерија DNA  Кога ќе биде ставена во електрично поле, DNA ќе се движи кон позитивната електрода (анодата). HH O2O2 при оваа постапка се употребува агароза гел со цел да ја успори DNA и да се изврши сепарација според големината на молекулите. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Agarose Gel (1×1 µm)  агарозата е порозен полимер, што овозможува движење на DNA

+- батерија DNA Колку брзо ќе се движи DNA? -зависи од јачината на електричното поле, рН на пуферот, Густината на гелот агароза… и од ГОЛЕМИНАТА на DNA! *Малите DNA молекули се движат побрзо отколку големите DNA …значи со гел електрофорезата се врши сепарација на DNA според големината small large Внатре во агарозата, линеарната DNA мигрира обратно пропорционално од log10 на нејзината моларна маса.

Agarose Агарозата е линеарен полимер што се екстрахира од морските алги. D-galactose 3,6-anhydro L-galactose Sweetened agarose gels have been eaten in the Far East since the 17th century. Agarose was first used in biology when Robert Koch* used it as a culture medium for Tuberculosis bacteria in 1882

Спремање на агароза подлога

Агароза гел се припрема со мешање на агароза што е во форма на прашак и некој пуферски раствор. Агароза  Пуфер  Сад во кој се врши загревање на смешата 

Casting tray  Чешли за гелот  Батерија  Сад во кој се става гелот   поклопец електроди  Уред за електрофореза

Gel casting tray & combs

Seal the edges of the casting tray and put in the combs. Place the casting tray on a level surface. None of the gel combs should be touching the surface of the casting tray. Preparing the Casting Tray

AgaroseBuffer Solution Combine the agarose powder and buffer solution. Use a flask that is several times larger than the volume of buffer.

Agarose is insoluble at room temperature (left). The agarose solution is boiled until clear (right). Gently swirl the solution periodically when heating to allow all the grains of agarose to dissolve. ***Be careful when boiling - the agarose solution may become superheated and may boil violently if it has been heated too long in a microwave oven. Melting the Agarose

Allow the agarose solution to cool slightly (~60ºC) and then carefully pour the melted agarose solution into the casting tray. Avoid air bubbles. Pouring the gel

Each of the gel combs should be submerged in the melted agarose solution.

When cooled, the agarose polymerizes, forming a flexible gel. It should appear lighter in color when completely cooled (30-45 minutes). Carefully remove the combs and tape.

Place the gel in the electrophoresis chamber.

buffer  Add enough electrophoresis buffer to cover the gel to a depth of at least 1 mm. Make sure each well is filled with buffer.  Cathode (negative) Anode  (positive)  wells  DNA 

6X Loading Buffer:   Bromophenol Blue (for color)  Glycerol (for weight) Sample Preparation Mix the samples of DNA with the 6X sample loading buffer (w/ tracking dye). This allows the samples to be seen when loading onto the gel, and increases the density of the samples, causing them to sink into the gel wells.

Loading the Gel Carefully place the pipette tip over a well and gently expel the sample. The sample should sink into the well. Be careful not to puncture the gel with the pipette tip.

Place the cover on the electrophoresis chamber, connecting the electrical leads. Connect the electrical leads to the power supply. Be sure the leads are attached correctly - DNA migrates toward the anode (red). When the power is turned on, bubbles should form on the electrodes in the electrophoresis chamber. Running the Gel

 wells  Bromophenol Blue Cathode (-) Anode (+) Gel After the current is applied, make sure the Gel is running in the correct direction. Bromophenol blue will run in the same direction as the DNA. DNA (-) 

 100  200  300  1,650  1,000  500  850  650  400  12,000 bp  5,000  2,000 DNA Ladder Standard Inclusion of a DNA ladder (DNAs of know sizes) on the gel makes it easy to determine the sizes of unknown DNAs. - + DNA migration bromophenol blue  Note: bromophenol blue migrates at approximately the same rate as a 300 bp DNA molecule

As an alternative to purchasing costly DNA ladders, one can be created using meal worm (Tenebrio molitor) DNA and a restriction enzyme.

Staining the Gel ***CAUTION! Ethidium bromide is a powerful mutagen and is moderately toxic. Gloves should be worn at all times. Ethidium bromide binds to DNA and fluoresces under UV light, allowing the visualization of DNA on a Gel. Ethidium bromide can be added to the gel and/or running buffer before the gel is run or the gel can be stained after it has run.

Safer alternatives to Ethidium Bromide  Methylene Blue  BioRAD - Bio-Safe DNA Stain  Ward’s - QUIKView DNA Stain  Carolina BLU Stain …others advantages Inexpensive Less toxic No UV light required No hazardous waste disposal disadvantages Less sensitive More DNA needed on gel Longer staining/destaining time

Staining the Gel Place the gel in the staining tray containing warm diluted stain. Allow the gel to stain for minutes. To remove excess stain, allow the gel to destain in water. Replace water several times for efficient destain.

Ethidium Bromide requires an ultraviolet light source to visualize

Visualizing the DNA (ethidium bromide)  100  200  300  1,650  1,000  500  850  650  400  5,000 bp  2,000 DNA ladder  DNA ladder  PCR Product wells  Samples # 1, 4, 6 & 7 were positive for Wolbachia DNA Primer dimers 

Visualizing the DNA (QuikVIEW stain)  250  1,500  1,000  500  750  2,000 bp DNA ladder  PCR Product wells  March 12, 2006 Samples # 1, 6, 7, 10 & 12 were positive for Wolbachia DNA