METAMATERIAL BASED ANTENNA FOR WLAN (WiFi) APPLICATIONS Guide : Asstt. Prof. JOLLY PARIKH Made By: MANISH UPADHYAY MUSKAN GUMBER SANDEEP PURI SWATI JAIN

BRIEF HISTORY The first person who discussed the backward waves in electromagnetism was A. Schuster in 1904 First super lens conceptualized by V.G Veselago in 1968. Pendry proposed physical structures in 1996 and 1999 that lead to the their physical realization. First physically realized by Smith, et. al. in 2000. Veselago first studies the effect a negative permittivity and permeability has on wave propagation Pendry proposes wire structures to realize a negative permittivity Pendry proposes Split Ring Resonators (SRR’s) to realize a negative permeability Smith is the first in the world to physically realize a medium with an effective negative index of refraction 1968 1996 1999 2000

WHAT IS METAMATERIAL ? Meta: Greek prefix meaning “Beyond” A composite or structured material that exhibits properties not found in naturally occurring materials or compounds. NOTE: THE PROPERTIES ARE THAT OF THE ENTIRE ARRANGEMENT AND NOT THE CONSTITUENTS THEMSELVES

SIMPLE ANALOGY n<0 n>0

NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX

CLASSIFICATION

WiFi 802.11b,802.11g,802.11n –these families operate in 2.4ghz band 802.11n can however more than double the range. Range varies with frequency band- wifi range in 2.4ghz is better than that in 5ghz band. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometers through the use of high gain directional antennas at the router and remote device

WiMAX WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates and up to 1Gbit/s. It is a long range system, covering many kilometers ,using licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network( in most cases the Internet). Provides portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. 64 RF channels programmable per user’s convenience

PRINCIPLE Maxwell’s equations are symmetrical in electric and magnetic fields but not in real world. Imagine a very long solenoid energized with a current. Quick alteration of current in solenoid is like two free magnetic monopole. Applied common parallel magnetic field and role of capacitance introduced with gaps/slit on paramagnetic material. ?

SRR:FIRST MAGNETIC METAMATERIAL A bulk metal has no magnetism in optics A metal ring: weak magnetic response A split ring: magnetic resonance Double SRR: enhanced magnetic resonance

REALISATION OF METAMATERIAL WIRE MESH + SRR = METAMATERIAL

OUR DESIGN HFSS MODEL FABRICATED

E-FIELD INTERACTION MAGNETIC FIELD

RETRIEVAL APPROACH DIRECT EXTRACTION USING S-PARAMETER NICOLSON-ROSS-WEIR APPROACH MAJOR IDENTITY OF DIRECT RETRIEVAL (1) (2) (3) (4)

S-PARAMETER (MAGNITUDE)

S-PARAMETER (PHASE)

IMPEDENCE

PROPAGATION INDEX

PERMITTIVITY

PERMEABILITY

WAVE VECTOR

INSET-FEED PATCH DESIGN

PATCH WITH METAMATERIAL OBSERVED CHANGE ? RETURN LOSS CHANGES

APPLICATIONS RFID TAG (IN BODY IMPLANT)

WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK

ESA FOR CELL PHONE

SPECIFIC ABSORBTION RATE (SAR) [ ~2W/Kg in 1/10gm of Tissue] REDUCTION

REFERENCES [1] V. G. Veselago, “The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of epsilon and mu," Usp. Fiz. Nauk., vol. 92, pp. 517- 526, 1967), Soviet Phys. Uspekhi, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 509- 514, 1968. [2] D.R. Smith, S. Schultz, P. Markos, C.M. Soukoulis, “Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission co- efficients," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 65, No. 195104, pp. 1-5, 2002. [3] Koschny, et. al., “Resonant and Anti-resonant frequency dependence of the ef- fective parameters of metamaterials," Physical Review E, vol. 68, no. 065602, pp. 1-4, 2003. [4] Bogdan-Ioan Popa, Steven A. Cummer, “Determining the effective electromag- netic properties of negative-refractive-index metamaterials from internal Fields," Phys. Rev. B., vol. 72, no. 165102, pp. 1-5, 2005. [5] B. J. Justice, J. J. Mock, L. Guo, A. Degiron, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith “Spatial mapping of the internal and external electromagnetic ¯elds of negative in- dex metamaterials," Opt. Express 14, 8694-8705 (2006). [6] J.B. Pendry, et.al.,”Extremely Low-Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostruc- tures," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 76, no. 25, 1996, pp. 4773-4776.