Biochemistry & levels of organization

Levels of Organization Sub-atomic particles ……. put together make Sub-atomic particles ……. put together make Atoms ………………………... put together make Atoms ………………………... put together make Molecules (monomers) … put together make Molecules (monomers) … put together make Macromolecules (polymers) … put together make Macromolecules (polymers) … put together make Organelles & Cell parts … put together make Organelles & Cell parts … put together make Cells (smallest unit of life) Cells (smallest unit of life)

Cells that work together make….Tissues Cells that work together make….Tissues Tissues work together to make…Organs Tissues work together to make…Organs Organs work together in …Organ Systems Organs work together in …Organ Systems

Sub-atomic Particles Sub = smaller or under Sub = smaller or under Atomic = atom Atomic = atom Protons (+) Protons (+) Neutrons (o) Neutrons (o) Electrons (-) Electrons (-)

Atoms Nucleus = protons & neutrons in center of atom Nucleus = protons & neutrons in center of atom Electron Cloud = area around nucleus where electrons move about Electron Cloud = area around nucleus where electrons move about

Atoms The number of protons in an atom determines the Element The number of protons in an atom determines the Element The most common elements in living things are: The most common elements in living things are: C H N O P S C H N O P S

Carbon Carbon Hydrogen Hydrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Oxygen Phosphorous Phosphorous Sulfur Sulfur Elements we need in only very small amounts are called Elements we need in only very small amounts are called Trace elements Trace elements

Carbon Based Life Forms Life on earth is carbon-based Life on earth is carbon-based Carbon atoms have unique properties Carbon atoms have unique properties that enable the construction of the that enable the construction of the VERY large molecules needed for life. VERY large molecules needed for life. Carbon forms the Carbon forms the framework for framework for Macromolecules Macromolecules

Carbon Atoms: Can bond to 4 other atoms Can bond to 4 other atoms Form short strong bonds Form short strong bonds Can make double bonds Can make double bonds Can form long chains and rings Can form long chains and rings

Monomers Single molecules that make up all living things Single molecules that make up all living things 1) monosaccharides = single sugars 1) monosaccharides = single sugars 2) glycerol – alcohol used to connect things 2) glycerol – alcohol used to connect things 3) fatty acids – make 3) fatty acids – make 4) amino acids - make 4) amino acids - make 5) Nucleotides – found in 5) Nucleotides – found in - make - make

1) Monosaccharides A) are carbohydrates = made of only C, H, O A) are carbohydrates = made of only C, H, O carbon + water carbon + water B) examples : B) examples : 1) glucose – made by photosynthesis 1) glucose – made by photosynthesis 2) fructose – fruit sugar 2) fructose – fruit sugar C) 2 bound together make a disaccharide C) 2 bound together make a disaccharide example disaccharide = sucrose example disaccharide = sucrose (table sugar) (table sugar) D) many can bond together = polysaccharide D) many can bond together = polysaccharide

2) Glycerol A) alcohol that can bond to 3 other monomers A) alcohol that can bond to 3 other monomers B) makes a triglyceride when bound to 3 fatty acids B) makes a triglyceride when bound to 3 fatty acids

3) Fatty Acids A) acid followed by a Hydrocarbon chain A) acid followed by a Hydrocarbon chain (chain of H & C) (chain of H & C) HC chains are hydrophobic HC chains are hydrophobic (water fearing) don’t mix w/ H 2 O (water fearing) don’t mix w/ H 2 O B) straight chains are saturated fatty acids B) straight chains are saturated fatty acids C) bent chains are unsaturated fatty acids C) bent chains are unsaturated fatty acids

4) Amino Acids Made of a C with 4 things attached Made of a C with 4 things attached 1) a hydrogen 1) a hydrogen 2) an amino group NH3 2) an amino group NH3 3) an acid COOH 3) an acid COOH 4) an R group 4) an R group 20 different R groups so… 20 different R groups so… 20 different Amino acids (some = essential aa) 20 different Amino acids (some = essential aa) (must be part of diet) (must be part of diet)

5) Nucleotides The largest monomer…actually includes a monosaccharide The largest monomer…actually includes a monosaccharide Made of 3 parts Made of 3 parts 1) one 5 carbon sugar 1) one 5 carbon sugar 2) phosphate 2) phosphate 3) nitrogen containing base 3) nitrogen containing base

Two different 5 carbon sugars can be used Two different 5 carbon sugars can be used 1) ribose in RNA 1) ribose in RNA 2) deoxyribose in DNA 2) deoxyribose in DNA

5 different N-bases can be used 5 different N-bases can be used Guanine Guanine Cytosine Cytosine Adenine Adenine Thymine Thymine Uracil Uracil (ine …in DNA) (ine …in DNA)

Polymers = Macromolecules Monomers bonded together to make Monomers bonded together to make polymers polymers Chemical reactions that bond monomers together called… Chemical reactions that bond monomers together called… Condensation dehydration reactions Condensation dehydration reactions ( bring together) (remove H 2 O) ( bring together) (remove H 2 O)

5 Macromolecules 1) polysaccharides 1) polysaccharides 2) Lipids 2) Lipids 3) phospholipids 3) phospholipids 4) proteins 4) proteins 5) nucleic acids 5) nucleic acids

1) Polysaccharides Made of many single sugars (carbohydrates) 1) starch – how plants store glucose 2) glycogen – how animals store glucose 3) cellulose – makes plant cell walls & is the fiber in our diet (we can’t digest it) All 3 are made of chains of glucose

2) Lipids Made of fatty acids & glycerol Hydrophobic 1) fats – solid at room temp. (saturated f.a.) store energy in animals 2) oils – liquid at room temp.(unsaturated f.a.) store energy in plants 3) waxes – used to waterproof 4) steroids – hormones help w/ homeostasis

3) Phospholipids A) Made of glycerol, 2 f.a.s & a phosphate -Phosphate head is hydrophilic (water loving) -Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic B) Makes up cell membranes

4) Proteins A)Made of chains of aminoacids Folded into 3-D shapes B) Most of muscle is protein C) Most enzymes are proteins Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions Make the rxns in a cell run fast enough to stay alive.

5) Nucleic Acids A) Made of chains of nucleotides B) If ribose is the sugar = RNA ribonucleic acid takes directions from nucleus out to cell ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C) If deoxyribose is the sugar = DNA deoxyribonucleic acid is the code that stores all the directions for how to run the cell (stays in nucleus) Makes up chromosomes

Polymers can be taken apart By hydrolysis reaction water breaking Water is used to break monomers apart Energy is given off when bonds are broken