BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW

5/17/16 Entry Task Name 2 Carbon containing molecules. Where might you find these molecules in the environment? Inside cells? What energy form do they contain? Name 2 Nitrogen containing molecules Where might you find these molecules in the environment? Inside cells?

The carbon cycle Cycles carbon through the ecosystem Includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration – Opposite chemical reactions Carbohydrates, Lipids and Fossil Fuels contain long chains or rings of carbon

Photosynthesis and the atmosphere Photosynthesis in plant cells converts carbon dioxide and water to oxygen and glucose in a process that allows living things to use the sun’s energy.

Cellular Respiration and the atmosphere Cellular respiration in plant AND animal cells breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide and water in a process that allows cells to get energy out of their food, making ATP. ATP and glucose both store chemical energy.

Nitrogen Cycle Cycles nitrogen through the system Bacteria take nitrogen from the atmosphere and transfers it to plants. Animals eat plants or other animals which gets N in their bodies. Other bacteria return N to the atmosphere from decomposing matter Proteins and DNA/RNA contain Nitrogen

Sketches in comp book - Carbon Cycle/PSN/Cell RSP: – Producer/autotroph – zoom in on a cell – Herbivore – zoom in on a cell – Molecules: ATP, CO2, C6H1206, O2, H2O, Fossil Fuels – Locations: Atmosphere, Earth’s Crust, Organisms Your sketch must show all of the above and how it is all related through the CARBON CYCLE! Sketches in comp book - Nitrogen Cycle: – Producer/autotroph – zoom in on a cell – Herbivore/predator – zoom in on a cell – Nitrogen-fixing bacteria – Denitrifying bacteria – Molecules: Proteins, DNA/RNA, N2 gas, nitrogen in soil – Locations: Atmosphere, Earth’s Crust, Organisms Your sketch must show all of the above and how it is all related through the NITROGEN CYCLE! CARBON MATTERS Complete the review sheet tonight as HOMEWORK.

5/18/16 Exit Task When coyotes eat deer, they leave part of the carcass. Describe one way the nitrogen is transferred to another part of the ecosystem. HW: Carbon Matters ½ sheet AND Carbon/Nitrogen cycle sketches.

5/19/16 TOPIC: Ecosystems and Populations Classroom activity: engineering design on ecosystem problem HW Engineering and Invasive Species

5/19/16 Entry Task Make a prediction: If the red elderberry dies back due to drought, which other organisms will this impact? How? What will be the affect on the biodiversity of the ecosystem?

Today’s Agenda Share sketches and finish discussing Carbon/Nitrogen Cycle ANSWERS for ½ sheet Mini-lecture on Populations and Ecosystems Classroom activity: Engineering Design HW: ½ sheet Engineering and ecosystems

Food Webs Increased biodiversity means a healthier and more stable ecosystem The whole web is interconnected. Removing one part affects other parts. Less biodiversity = unstable. POPULATION DYNAMICS

Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels 10% Energy Transfer – each level has less energy available Producers (often plants) make up largest biomass

Bioaccumulations Toxins cannot be removed and increase in amount between trophic levels Example: Pesticides used on shore to control crane flies that salmon eat may affect the bald eagle because they eat salmon

Population Growth Populations will grow exponentially if there are no limiting factors Ex. Bacteria in a petri dish with plenty of food and room to multiply. Populations will reach carrying capacity because of limiting factors which include: – Abiotic (non-living) Space & Water – Biotic (living) Food & Predators

Population Density Population Density is the number of living things in an area – Example: 500 moose in 10 sq. miles = 50 moose per mile MATH: 500 divided by 10 = 50.

General Ecology- invasive species Non-native species usually DIE in a new environment, some survive and take over if they have no predators

PROBLEM: Invasive Species Himalayan blackberry has invaded the forest ecosystem and is crowding out the native species. Your challenge is to control the blackberry while protecting the native plants and a nearby stream with spawning salmon. Complete an Engineering Design Process using the paper provided. Assess your work with the rubric on the back. Peer assess.

5/19/16 Exit Task What is the population density of bears in a mountain forest with 2 bears per 10 kilometers? Engineering design and ½ sheet sheet

5/20/16 Topic: Field Studies and Inquiry Classroom activity: Designing a Field Study: Survey of Species on Campus HW

Entry Task Look at the rubric. What 7 things will you need in your procedure to get all your points? Which items are unique to a field study (vs a controlled investigation)? Which step ensures your field study is reliable? Procedure Points Possible Your Points What was written? Two Controlled Variables 1 (look for same sampling area, same time of day, etc) Manipulated Variable 1 (must have 3 conditions to be compared) Responding Variable 1 (what data will be measured and how it will be collected) States to Record Measurements 1 (look for “record the data”) Trials/Observations are Repeated (3x) 1 (examples: go to same plants every year, repeat steps … for same plants) Record Environmental Conditions 1 (look for at least one aspect of local environmen t which will be recorded: air temperatur e, weather, etc) Logical Steps 1 (look for specific size of sample area, specific timing of data collection) Total Possible7

Field Study

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NATURAL SELECTION AND GENETIC VARIABILITY Oceans are becoming more acidic due to greater levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Shellfish have thinner shells because of this acidity. How might this environmental change affect the genetic variability of shellfish in our region? Make a prediction about how the shellfish traits might change over generations of time. Identify 3 kinds of mutations: Describe a mutation that could benefit the shellfish population and explain why:

1/23/15 Biggest errors in COE: What MOLECULE/INPUT OF MATTER do ANIMALS INHALE? OXYGEN This is input for which cellular process? CELLULARE RESPIRATION What MOLECULE/OUTPUT OF MATTER do ANIMALS EXHALE? CARBON DIOXIDE This is output for which cellular process? CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CARBON in ECOSYSTEMS What MOLECULE/INPUT OF MATTER do PLANTS take in? CARBON DIOXIDE Do they get this from the SOIL or the AIR? AIR! This is input for which cellular process? PHOTOSYNTHESIS What MOLECULE/OUTPUT OF MATTER do PLANTS RELEASE? GLUCOSE and OXYGEN This is output for which cellular process? PHOTOSYNTHESIS

NITROGEN in ECOSYSTEMS How does NITROGEN get from the AIR to the PLANTS? BACTERIA in the SOIL How does NITROGEN get from an ANIMAL back to the AIR? – Decompose and bacteria

CELL PROCESSES Where is mRNA made from DNA? NUCLEUS Where does tRNA transfer the amino acids? RIBOSOMES/CYTOPLASM CHLOROPLASTS take __CO2___ from the __AIR____, combine it with __H2O__ from the roots to make __GLUCOSE and OXYGEN_____. MITOCHONDRIA take __OXYGEN___ and combine it with ____ GLUCOSE ___ to break it down and store energy in ___ATP_____. Finally releasing __CO2___ and ____H20___.

EVOLUTION/GENETICS What factors CAUSE EVOLUTION? In other words HOW DO POPULATIONS CHANGE THEIR GENETIC VARIABILITY OVER TIME? – Natural selection based on a changing environment – Mutations – Different rates of survival (reproduction) – Competition for resources ARE BODY CELLS PASSED DOWN TO OFFSPRING? NOOOO! What is HETEROZYGOUS for 2 traits (D dominant, F dominant)? DdFf Describe how TRAITS are expressed from DNA to GENES to PROTEINS to TRAITS?