PLANTS

FYI: Characteristics of Plants  Multicellular  Eukaryotic  Photosynthetic  6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy  C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2  Have cell walls made of cellulose

FYI: 2 Categories of Plants Non Vascular Does not have vascular tissue or true roots, leaves, or stems Vascular Have roots, stems, leaves, xylem, phloem Vascular Seed Plants Seedless Vascular Plants

FYI: Non vascular plants  Reproduction and survival depend on water. They MUST live in moist environments.  examples: Mosses—Bryophyta Liverwarts Hornwarts

FYI: Vascular Plants  Two Major Groups:  Seedless Vascular Plants  Vascular Seed Plants  Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that transports food/water  Vascular refers to veins.  Xylem: transports water and minerals  Phloem: transports food/nutrients  not all plants have vascular tissue  Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla

FYI: Seedless vascular plants  Have a vascular system, but don’t reproduce by seeds or flowers, only SPORES  Leaves are called fronds  3 divisions Club mosses Horsetails Ferns

FYI: Vascular seed plants  Seed—protective structure where embryonic plant can be stored until conditions are favorable for growth  Seeds allow for greater reproductive success Seed Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms “NAKED SEEDS” Seeds protected by FRUIT Seeds are not protected by a fruit

FYI: Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)  Examples:  Ginko biloba  Conifers—plants with seeds inside cones and needle-like leaves Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods

FYI: Angiosperms Flowering plants  Seeds are protected by fruit  Produce fruits with 1 or more seeds  Fruit—ripened ovary of flower  Fruit aid in seed dispersal  Examples: maple trees, apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar trees

Two Types of Angiosperms  Determined by the number of cotyledons: structure commonly known as a seed leaf. Found in the embryo of a seed plant and may form a “leaf” after germination  Monocot—one seed leaf  Ex. Corn, grass  Dicot—two seed leaves  Ex. Trees, shrubs, sunflowers, most flowers

Two types of angiosperms

Plant Parts 1. stomata 2. cuticle 3. guard cell 4. xylem 5. phloem

Plant Parts Leaf Root Stem

Plant adaptations to living on land:  Cuticles—waxy coating on the outside of plant that prevents water loss  Leaves—broad flat structures (usually) that trap light energy for photosynthesis  Roots—structures that allow plants to obtain water/nutrients from soil

Plant adaptations  Stem- plant organ that provides support for growth and food storage.  Spores and seeds—structures that keep reproductive cells from drying out  Xylem: transports water and minerals  Phloem: transports food & nutrients

Plant Tissues  Stomata  Controls the exchange of gases  Helps control water loss.  Guard Cells  Control the opening & closing of the stomata

Flower Structure

 Flowers are reproductive structures for angiosperms  Produce fruit and seeds

Plant Organs Pistil S: located at center of flower, top of stem F: female reproductive part Stigma—top of style; sticky or hairy structure that traps pollen grains Style—the “stalk” that supports stigma Ovary—enlarged base of pistil; contains one egg Stigma Style Ovary Petal Sepal Receptacle Peduncle

Plant Organs Stigma Style Ovary Petal Sepal Receptacle Peduncle Stamen S: located inside of petals F: male reproductive part Anther—top part of stamen, produces pollen Filament— “stalk” that supports anther Petal Structure: leaf like, usually colorful structures at top of stem Function: attract pollinators

Plant Organs Sepal S: leaf like, usually green structure that encircle flower stem below petal F: to protect developing flower

Pollination—transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma -Happens before fertilization -Pollen is transferred to stigma by wind or animals -After pollen lands, a pollen tube grows Pollen tube—extension that allows sperm to reach egg inside ovary *Angiosperms have “double fertilization” meaning one sperm fertilizes egg and other sperm joins with another cell to form endosperm (nutrients). *Seeds contain both endosperm and embryonic plant Process of Angiosperm Reproduction

Carnivorous Plants  Carnivorous plants (sometimes called insectivorous plants) are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans  Carnivorous plants have adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients, especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs and rock outcroppings.

Plants DivisionOriginsAdaptations NonvascularMosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Liverworts were the first land plants. Originated 440 million Years ago. -Have rhizoids to help anchor the stem in soil. -Grow in clumps or masses Non-seed Vascular-club moss -Horse tails -Ferns -Devonian Period -375 million yrs ago - have leaves that form structures that protect reproductive cells. Seed Vascular-Cycads -Ginkgo Biloba -Gnetophyta -Conifers -Anthophyta -360 million yrs ago during the Paleozoic Era. -Conifers= 250 million yrs ago. -seeds surrounded by a fruit or carried on scales of a cone. -Can grow in a wide variety of habitats.