Biochemistry Study of chemical composition and reactions occurring in living matter Inorganic Compounds Do not contain carbon Exceptions - CO 2, CO, bicarbonates Water is the most abundant and important inorganic material, making up 60% - 80% of all cells and 2/3 of body weight

Organic Compounds Contain the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon is found in things that are or once were living. Carbon atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds.

Organic Compounds Organic compounds are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual molecules. –The single molecules in a polymer are called monomers.

Organic Compounds The long molecules formed by repeating patterns of monomers are called polymers. Monomer is glucose. Polymer is starch.

Functional Groups A functional group is a group of atoms that characterize the structure of a family of organic compounds. Functional groups determine many of the properties of organic compounds. 3 Types to Know: Amine (NH 2 ), Carboxyl (COOH), Hydroxyl (OH).AmineCarboxylHydroxyl

Amine Group N-H 2 Functional Groups

Carboxyl Group COOH Functional Groups

Hydroxyl Group OH Functional Groups

Macromolecules 4 Types of Organic Compounds or macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. –Essential to maintaining life processes: cell function, storage, energy, homeostasis and genetic information.

Carbohydrates Make up sugars ( simple carbohydrates) and starches ( complex carbohydrates ) Contain a hydroxyl (OH) group Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of the atoms is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O Provide energy to the cells. Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)

Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are classified according to size. One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer).monosaccharide Two sugars make a disaccharide.disaccharide Many sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (polymer).polysaccharide

Monosaccharide Milk SugarFruit Sugar Types of Carbs

Disaccharide Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion. Types of Carbs

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. Types of Carbs

Function of Carbohydrates immediate energy source Food Storage Compounds ( excess glucose stored as ) –Plants : starch –Animals : glycogen ( in liver ) Structural –Chitin : exoskeleton in shrimp, lobsters, crawfish, crabs ! –Cellulose : in cell walls of plants

Lipids The three types of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Typically contain two monomers – glycerol and fatty acids glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol contains the hydroxyl (OH) group. Fatty acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) group.

Monomers in Lipids Lipids

Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy for later use by the body. Lipids also serve as padding and protection for the body. Lipids do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic), but may contain parts that can dissolve in water. The H : O ratio is higher in lipids than it is in carbohydrates.

Functions of Lipids make up cell membranes most important form of long-term energy storage some types of lipids are used as steroid hormones ( testosterone, estrogen ) in larger organisms they can be used to help waterproof skin or fur provide thermal insulation act as cushions or padding for our internal organs (amusing as this is to us!)

Structure of a Lipid Head Dissolves in water (hydrophilic)hydrophilic Tail Does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)

Phospholipid Found in cell membranes –Head is the phosphate group. Hydrophilic –Tails are the fatty acids. Hydrophobic

Fatty Acids Long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons) Saturated fats contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms; solids at room temperature; butter, lard, etc. Unsaturated fats contain one or more double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms; liquid at room temperature; oils.

Saturated & Unsaturated Fats

Proteins Proteins are the building materials for the body. –Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly of proteins. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen Contain amine (NH 2 ) and carboxyl (COOH) groups

Function of Proteins The building blocks of proteins are amino acids (monomers). Serve as enzymes which control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Amino acids are connected by a special type of bond called a peptide bond. peptide bond There are 20 kinds of amino acids. Amino acid chains are called polypeptides. A protein contains one or more polypeptide chains.

Amino Acids Function of Proteins

Functions of Proteins Structure – both within cells (e.g. cytoskeletal proteins) and Outside cells (e.g. connective tissue proteins such as collagen; keratin as in hair and nails). Enzymes or catalysts – speed up chemical reactions Acting as carriers or channels – moving molecules across cell membranes. Transport proteins that carry ; ex. : hemoglobin which carries O2 in blood

Functions of Proteins Hormones. Ex: insulin which controls blood glucose levels; growth hormone; oxytocin (important in birth and nursing), Acting as recognition receptors on cells – proteins can recognize exact shapes and therefore ( ID tags ) Immunity. Antibodies are proteins that recognize particular foreign substances and participate in their removal. Functioning in movement. Contractile proteins are in muscles and are also responsible for cell division and cell movements

Functions of Proteins Immunity: Antibodies are proteins that recognize particular foreign substances and participate in their removal. Antibodies fight infection and help keep us healthy ! Movement : Contractile proteins are in muscles and are also involved in cell division and cell movements ( cytoskeleton ).

Types of Proteins There are two types of proteins – fibrous and globular. Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons, bones, and muscles) does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic).Fibrous protein Globular protein (found in enzymes, some hormones, and hemoglobin) can dissolve in water (hydrophilic).Globular protein

Fibrous Proteins Keratins are a family of fibrous structural proteins; tough and insoluble, they form the hard but nonmineralized structures found in reptiles, birds, amphibians and mammals.fibrous structural proteins nonmineralized reptilesbirds amphibians mammals Types of Proteins

Globular Proteins Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions. proteinscatalyzeaccelerate chemical reactions Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at significant rates.biological cell Types of Proteins

Nucleic Acids There are two types of nucleic acids : DNA : deoxyribonucleic acid RNA : ribonucleic acid Both nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides A nucleotide is a building unit ( monomer ) made of a –Nitrogenous base –A sugar –A phosphate

Nucleic Acid Structure 1. a 5-carbon (pentose) sugar. The sugar will either be ribose or deoxyribose sugar 2. a nitrogenous base. –Nitrogenous bases are ring compounds formed principally of C and N. They either have one or two rings. cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U) are pyrimidines adenine ( A) and guanine (G) are purines 3. a phophate group

Nucleic Acid Function DNA, is used to store the hereditary information that codes for every protein in the body. ( hereditary information is stored in genes) DNA stays in the nucleus for PROTECTION ! RNA functions in transferring information from DNA to the cell ( remember DNA does not leave the nucleus ! ) RNA also helps the cell to synthesize proteins.

Nucleotide Monomer Structure Both DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotide monomers. Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Nucleotide Structure

Building DNA or RNA polymer

DNA Structure DNA: Double helix 2 nucleotide chains wound into the double helix 4 types of nucleotides ( bases) : adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine Base pairing between chains with H bonds A – T ( adenine – thymine ) C – G ( guanine – cytosine )

RNA structure Single strand of nucleotides 4 types of nucleotides (bases) : –Adenine A –Uracil U –Guanine G –Cytosine C

Summary of Organic Molecules Macromolecules