Organic Compounds

Organic compounds A. A. Contain Carbon (carbon can form 4 bonds) B. B. Are large and stable

Organic Compounds C. Examples:

Biomolecules Biomolecules are organic compounds produced by living things. There are four groups of biomolecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Proteins

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Examples – sugars, glucose, glycogen, starch, cellulose Examples – sugars, glucose, glycogen, starch, cellulose Elements – C,H,O Elements – C,H,O H:O ratio – 2:1 H:O ratio – 2:1 Monomer – monosaccharide Monomer – monosaccharide Function – Quick energy Storage Function – Quick energy Storage

Carbohydrates Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Monosaccaride – simple carb a. a. Function: Energy source (ex: glucose, fructose) b. b. Form: a “circle” of carbons, also including hydrogen and oxygen

Carbohydrates 2. Polysaccaride – complex carb a. a. Function: Energy source (ex: starch in plants and glycogen in animals) and structural (ex: cellulose and chitin) b. b. Form: a “string” of monosaccarides

Monosaccharides – smallest unit

Polysaccharides

Simple vs Complex Carbs?

Lipids – fats, waxes

Lipids Examples – fats, oils, waxes, steroids Examples – fats, oils, waxes, steroids Elements – C,H,O Elements – C,H,O H:O ratio – >2:1 H:O ratio – >2:1 Monomer – glycerol + fatty acids Monomer – glycerol + fatty acids Function – Long-term energy Storage Function – Long-term energy Storage

Lipids Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids (such as cholesterol.) Lipids are generally not soluble in water

Lipids Function: energy storage and waterproofing membranes Form: Gylcerol attached to a long chain of fatty acids

Triglycerides – contain C, H, O (H:O > 2:1)

Saturated vs Unsaturated

The Good – Omega-3 Fats Lower blood pressure Decrease risk of heart attack Protect against irregular heartbeats

Nucleic Acid

Nucleic Acids Examples – DNA & RNA Examples – DNA & RNA Elements – C,H,O,N,P Elements – C,H,O,N,P H:O ratio – N/A H:O ratio – N/A Monomer – nucleotide Monomer – nucleotide Function – Heredity Function – Heredity

Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Function: store and transmit genetic information Form: long chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Proteins

Proteins Examples – insulin, keratin, enzymes Examples – insulin, keratin, enzymes Elements – C,H,O,N Elements – C,H,O,N H:O ratio – N/A H:O ratio – N/A Monomer – amino acid Monomer – amino acid Function – building and repairing, speeding up reactions Function – building and repairing, speeding up reactions

Proteins Macromolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Function: a. a. Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes b. b. Form bones and muscles c. c. Transport substances into or out of cells or help fight disease Form: long chain of amino acids folded into complex structures

Peptide Bonds/Polypeptide

Primary Structure – amino acid sequence determines the protein -If you switch 2 amino acids, you get a whole new protein

Secondary Structure – alpha helix & beta pleated sheet

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure – 2 or more polypeptides bond together

Protein Folding Inactive Active

Enzymes: Bind to substrate (molecule it acts on) Bind to substrate (molecule it acts on) Are specific (binds to certain substrate) Are specific (binds to certain substrate) Has active site (where substrate binds) Has active site (where substrate binds) Are reusable Are reusable Are affected by temperature and pH Are affected by temperature and pH Are PROTEINS Are PROTEINS

Metabolism – all chemical reactions in a biological system Metabolism – all chemical reactions in a biological system Catabolism – breakdown of substances Catabolism – breakdown of substances Anabolism – formation of new products Anabolism – formation of new products

Catabolic Enzyme

Anabolic Enzyme

Chemical Reactions/E A

Enzyme Lab Conclusion Rate of reaction is determined by measuring the disappearance of substrate or the accumulation of product Rate of reaction is determined by measuring the disappearance of substrate or the accumulation of product Rate of reaction is the slope of the linear portion of the graph Rate of reaction is the slope of the linear portion of the graph Reaction rate is affected by pH, substrate conc., enzyme conc., temperature, and ionic con. Reaction rate is affected by pH, substrate conc., enzyme conc., temperature, and ionic con.

Conclusions Enzymes have optimum pH, temperature, and salt concentrations that they work in Enzymes have optimum pH, temperature, and salt concentrations that they work in General rules General rules Temp Temp Lower the temp, the slower the molecules collide – slower the reaction rate Lower the temp, the slower the molecules collide – slower the reaction rate Higher the temp, the faster the molecules move around – faster the reaction rate Higher the temp, the faster the molecules move around – faster the reaction rate Too high a temperature (60-70 C) – protein denatures – reaction doesn’t occur Too high a temperature (60-70 C) – protein denatures – reaction doesn’t occur

pH – too high or too low the H+ or OH – ions react with the amino acid side chains (R groups) – improper folding occurs – reaction slows pH – too high or too low the H+ or OH – ions react with the amino acid side chains (R groups) – improper folding occurs – reaction slows Salt conc. – too much or too little causes improper folding of protein Salt conc. – too much or too little causes improper folding of protein Substrate concentration – lower the substrate conc., the slower the reaction Substrate concentration – lower the substrate conc., the slower the reaction

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Re-Quiz Get out a sheet of notebook paper Get out a sheet of notebook paper Label it Re-Quiz # ___; your name, class period Label it Re-Quiz # ___; your name, class period DO NOT write on this re-quiz! DO NOT write on this re-quiz! Once you are finished, turn the notebook paper into the box and place the re-quiz on my podium please. Once you are finished, turn the notebook paper into the box and place the re-quiz on my podium please.

Unit 1 Review