Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Chapter 10 Operating System Management

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Objectives Manage tasks Monitor performance Monitor reliability 2

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Tasks Windows 7 Task Manager: –Provides information about programs and processes –Displays performance measurements for processes Using the Run As feature –Run As feature Used to access system tools that require administrative privileges Used to determine the cause of a problem Similar to su command in Fedora 13 3

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using Task Manager Task Manager: –Monitors active applications and processes –Stops a hung application or process Three methods used to start Task Manager: –Right-click an empty area of the taskbar and click Task Manager –Press Right-Ctrl+Delete and click Task Manager –Ctrl+Shift+Esc 4

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux5 Figure 10-1 Task Manager Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using Task Manager (continued) Using the Applications tab in Task Manager –Determine if a program is not responding –To kill a program: Select the program Click the End Task button Using the Processes Tab in Task Manager –Lists processes that are running on the computer –Display depends on which columns are visible 6

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux7 Figure 10-2 Processes tab in Task Manager Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux8 Figure 10-3 Selecting columns to display in Task Manager Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the Processes Tab in Task Manager (continued) Essential Task Manager selections: –Memory Usage: the “working set” of a process –Peak Memory Usage: maximum amount of memory this process has used –Page Faults: number of times process has been forced to reload memory pages from the page file –Virtual Memory Size: amount of process’s less frequently used memory that has been paged to disk –Base Priority: priority of this process Memory leak: –Process uses memory without bounds 9

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the Services Tab in Task Manager The Services tab: –Shows services that are running while you troubleshoot your virtual machine To determine if running service is tied to a process: –Right-click the service name –Select the Go to Process command 10

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the Performance Tab in Task Manager Performance tab: –Shows your computer’s CPU and memory usage –Includes four graphs Top two graphs show how much CPU is being used Bottom two graphs display the number of megabytes (MB) being used by RAM 11

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the Networking Tab in Task Manager Networking tab: –Used to view a graph of network activity related to NIC card –Only appears when a network card is present 12

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux13 Figure 10-5 Performance tab in Task Manager Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Tasks in Fedora 13 Using System Monitor –Monitors active applications –Views graphs –Manipulates running applications on your computer –To access: click Applications, System Tools, then System Monitor Using the System tab in System Monitor –Shows computer name, amount of memory and available disk space, and type of CPU 14

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Tasks in Fedora 13 (continued) Using the Processes tab in System Monitor –Lists processes running on your computer –Information is shown for each process –To stop a process: Click Edit, choose Stop Process –From the View menu: You can control which processes are displayed Using the Resources tab in System Monitor –Displays usage history of CPU, memory, swap memory and network in graphical format 15

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux16 Figure Processes tab in System Monitor Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux17 Figure Edit menu in Processes tab Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux18 Figure View menu in Processes tab Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Tasks in Fedora 13 (continued) Using the File Systems tab in System Monitor –Displays file system information: where they are mounted and what their types are Using the Process Command –ps command: Lists the system processes that are running Identifies who owns system processes Shows how system resources are being used –Syntax: ps [options] –Parent processes spawn child processes 19

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Tasks in Fedora 13 (continued) 20 Table 10-1 Fedora 13 ps command options

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux21 Figure User01’s processes Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the kill Command kill command: ends processes you need to stop –Syntax: kill option PID Ways to structure a kill command: –kill PID : stops process with associated PID –kill -9 PID : option -9 strengthens command (SIGKILL) –kill -SIGHUP PID : “hangs up” process and does cleanup ps –ef | grep User01 | more –d20: –Displays User01 associated processes Caveat: kill ends target and child processes 22

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux23 Figure The first screen of the User01 process display Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring Performance Routine performance monitoring: –Establish default set of counters to track –Counters are used to create a performance baseline Bottleneck: –Anything that slows down a virtual machine’s performance 24

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring System Performance in Windows 7 Performance Monitor: –Collects and views real-time data about a system – View activities as a graph, histogram, or report To open System Monitor: –Click Start -> Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Performance Monitor -> % Processor Time: –Measures how much time the processor actually spends working on productive threads 25

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux26 Figure Viewing processor performance Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring System Performance in Windows 7 (continued) Dialog box options: –Computers: select source PC for performance object –Performance object: select area of PC to monitor Choices: Memory, Processor, or Physical Disk –Counters: select counters for performance object –Instances: select instances to measure 27

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux28 Figure Add Counters dialog box Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring Disk Performance Disk usage statistics helps to balance PC workload Physical disk counters: –Troubleshoot and measure activity on a physical volume Physical disk counters recommended by Microsoft: –% Disk Time: general indicator of how busy the disk is If value exceeds 90%, check Current Disk Queue Length –Disk Reads/sec: number of reads per second –Disk Writes/sec: number of writes per second 29

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Managing Memory Paging: OS accesses disk to store or retrieve a page –Paging maximizes use of memory resources –Constant paging is a drain on performance –Reduce paging to improve CPU response time Counters recommended for memory and paging: –Available Mbytes: memory less system allocations –Cache Bytes: number of bytes used by cache –Pages/sec: how often disk is accessed for paging –Page Faults/sec: how often process needs disk page 30

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring Processor Use Processor and System counters show CPU usage –% Processor Time: Measures time CPU spends working on threads Counter value should not continually exceed 85% –Interrupts/sec: Average rate at which CPU services interrupts Metric defined as incidents per second –Processor Queue Length: Number of threads in queue ready to be executed Counter is located under the System object Acceptable queue length: < 10 threads per processor 31

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring System Performance in Fedora 13 /Proc file system –Reporting and control information system –Known as a pseudo-file system Directly interfaces with kernel and is stored in memory –To access: Use cat command and different kernel parameters –System-related tasks: Performance and memory information Viewing and modifying run-time parameters Viewing hardware information Viewing and modifying network parameters Viewing statistical information 32

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux /Proc File System (continued) To view available kernel value statistics: cd/proc ls To see performance information for system mounted file system statistics: cd /proc cat stat cat mounts To see performance information for disk statistics: cd /proc cat diskstats 33

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux34 Figure List of /proc directory contents Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux35 Figure System statistics and mounted file system statistics Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux36 Figure (Continued)

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the top Command top command: –Displays system statistics continuously –There is a five-second delay by default –Syntax: top - display top CPU processes Some basic fields: –uptime : displays uptime and three average loads –processes : total number of processes running –Mem : statistics on memory usage –PID : process ID of each task Example: top –n5 –d

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux38 Figure The top command with delay and iteration defined Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the free Command free command: –Indicates the amounts of free, used, and swap memory Free and used memory shown in kilobytes –Use the –m option to see readings in megabytes To use the free command: –Simply type free 39

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the watch free Command Line watch free command: –Produces real-time statistics on free space in the system –The default for the delay is two seconds To control the frequency of output: –Set the interval time To terminate the output: –Pres Ctrl+C To use the command line: –Type watch free 40

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux41 Figure Output of the watch free command line Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the vmstat Command Vmstat command: –Reports on process status, memory consumption, paging activity, I/O operations, and CPU usage –Some basic fields: procs : number of processes running and sleeping swap : amount of memory paged for input and output us : percentage of total processor time consumed by user space sy : percentage of total processor time consumed by kernel wa : percentage of total processor time spent in I/O wait 42

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux43 Figure The vmstat display after a five-second delay Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Using the uptime Command uptime command: –Displays amount of time since the last system reboot –Shows CPU average load for past 1, 5, 15 minutes –Shows how many users are logged on –To use: type uptime 44

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux45 Figure Output of the uptime command Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring Reliability Using the Reliability Monitor in Windows 7 –Measures hardware and software problems and other changes to your computer –Main goal: to keep track of “reliability events” –Some monitored events: Windows updates Software installations and uninstalls Application hangs and crashes Device drivers that fail to load or unload Disk and memory failures 46

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Monitoring Reliability (continued) Stability Index rating: –Gives visual indication of how reliably your system performs over time If drop in stability, check the following issues: –Application failures –Windows failures –Miscellaneous failures –Warnings 47

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux48 Figure Windows 7 Reliability Monitor Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux49 Figure Windows Reliability Monitor showing information for events Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Automatic Bug Reporting in Fedora 13 ABRT –Used by regular, nonadministrative users –One of the easiest tools to use for reporting bugs –Daemon resides in the background and watches for application crashes When a crash occurs: –Daemon collects crash-related data –Icon appears in notification area on the desktop 50

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux Summary Use the Windows 7 Task Manager: –To maintain your computer system and monitor the processes that are running Monitoring system performance: –Can help run processes more efficiently and quickly –Can help determine if you need more memory or a faster processor To check the reliability of your system: –Use the Reliability Monitor in Windows 7 –Use the Automatic Bug Reporting Tool in Fedora 13 51